In common discourse, economic activities run by profit-oriented managers and entrepreneurs are considered to be at the root of social and ecological crisis and hence, hamper sustainable development. With this perspective, government, policymaking institutions, and civil societies take the center stage in shaping a sustainabilityoriented industry by using the tools of command and control to curb the negative environmental and social impacts of business. However, this view not only overestimates the role of legal regulations and policies but also underestimates and, in a sense, distorts the relationship between innovative entrepreneurial activities and sustainable development. With growing impetus in the domain of sustainable entrepreneurship since the early 1990s, researchers have increasingly advocated sustainability-driven entrepreneurs and managers as the core movers of sustainable production and consumption. Presently, sustainable entrepreneurship remains an extremely relevant yet under researched area of investigation. Debates regarding semantic and practical approaches to sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs impede empirical and theoretical developments in this area. Hence, in the context of the existent gap in literature, this study adopts a qualitative approach to conceptualize sustainable entrepreneurship, by building upon a typology of this phenomenon. In doing so, the overlapping yet conceptually distinct terms, "green" entrepreneurship, "social" entrepreneurship, and "institutional" entrepreneurship are incorporated to understand how entrepreneurs induce sustainable innovations to meet the objectives of social benefits and profit maximization in the context of changing market indicators. The relevance of the study lies in its theoretical as well as practical implications as it attempts to develop a framework to identify, under which specific conditions a particular firm is most likely to adopt sustainable innovations, hence, indicating the need to refine and extend the existing models of sustainable entrepreneurship with respect to motivations for sustainability innovations.

Purpose Green entrepreneurs driven by environmental concerns stand at the heart of greening the economic activities right from their inception. This study aims to conceptualize this emerging concept in the context of developing nations by identifying the factors that shape the green entrepreneurship ecosystem with special reference to the solar energy sector in Gujarat. Design/methodology/approach This study is exploratory in nature and relies on secondary literature available on green entrepreneurship. Case study approach has been used for which primary data has been collected by formal scheduled interviews of three green entrepreneurs operating in the renewable energy sector of Gujarat, India. Cross-case analysis has been taken up to analyze the findings. Findings This study offers valuable insights into the major motivations and barriers as well as policy suggestions to foster an environment of green entrepreneurship, particularly in the renewable energy sector of India. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen approach wherein only three case studies have been considered of green entrepreneurs operating in the renewable energy sector of Gujarat, the results cannot be generalized, as they are also sector specific. Further researches can take up more quantitative approaches to make the results generalizable and extend them to other sectors. Practical implications Exploring the opportunities and challenges of green entrepreneurship in renewable energy sector has significant sector specific policy implications for developing countries like India. Originality/value Green entrepreneurship’ is a relevant but under-researched topic, especially in the developing nations’ context. This study adds to the literature by making a sector specific analysis of green entrepreneurs in renewable energy sector of Gujarat.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of urbanization on per capita energy consumption and emissions in India. Design/methodology/approach The present study analyses the effects of urbanization on energy consumption patterns by using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology in India. Time series data from the period of 1960 to 2015 has been considered for the analysis. Variables including Population, GDP per capita, Energy intensity, share of industry in GDP, share of Services in GDP, total energy use and urbanization from World Bank data sources have been used for investigating the relationship between urbanization, affluence and energy use. Findings Energy demand is positively related to affluence (economic growth). Further the results of the analysis also suggest that, as urbanization, GDP and population are bound to increase in the future, consequently resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions caused by increased energy demand and consumption. Thus, reducing the energy intensity is key to energy security and lower carbon dioxide emissions for India. Research limitations/implications The study will have important policy implications for India’s energy sector transition toward non- conventional, clean energy sources in the wake of growing share of its population residing in urban spaces. Originality/value There are limited number of studies considering the impacts of population density on per capita energy use. So this study also contributes methodologically by establishing per capita energy use as a function of population density and technology (i.e. growth rates of industrial and service sector).