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School-based cervical cancer prevention education can be effective. The Facebook-assisted discussion method was more effective than the in-person discussion. Providing the human papillomavirus vaccine free of charge would increase female adolescents' intention to be vaccinated.

This study shows the usefulness of ADDIE and provides a model for how research data and results can be used to inform administratively mandated organizational change. It also provides evidence on the effects of caring education.

BackgroundSelf-Directed Learning develops when students take the initiative for their learning, recognising needs, formulating goals, identifying resources, implementing appropriate strategies and evaluating learning outcomes. This should be seen as a collaborative process between the nurse educator and the learner. At the international level, various instruments have been used to measure Self-Directed Learning abilities (SDL), both in original and in culturally-adapted versions. However, few instruments have been subjected to full validation, and no gold standard reference has been established to date. In addition, few researchers have adopted the established tools to assess the concurrent validity of the emerging new tools. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the concurrent validity between the Self-Rating Scale of Self-Directed Learning (SRSSDL_Ita) – Italian version and the Self-Directed Learning Instruments (SDLI) in undergraduate nursing students.MethodsA concurrent validity study design was conducted in a Bachelor level nursing degree programme located in Italy. All nursing students attending the first, second or third year (n = 428) were the target sample. The SRSSDL_Ita, and the SDLI were used. The Pearson correlation was used to determine the concurrent validity between the instruments; the confidence of intervals (CI 95 %) bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap (BCa), were also calculated.ResultsThe majority of participants were students attending their first year (47.9 %), and were predominately female (78.5 %). Their average age was 22.5 ± 4.1. The SDL abilities scores, as measured with the SRSSDL_Ita (min 40, max 200), were, on average, 160.79 (95 % CI 159.10–162.57; median 160); while with the SDLI (min 20, max 100), they were on average 82.57 (95 % CI 81.79–83.38; median 83). The Pearson correlation between the SRSSDL_Ita and SDLI instruments was 0.815 (CI BCa 95 % 0.774–0.848), (p = 0.000).ConclusionsThe findings confirm the concurrent validity of the SRSSDL_Ita with the SDLI. The SRSSDL_Ita instrument can be useful in the process of identifying Self-Directed Learning abilities, which are essential for students to achieve the expected learning goals and become lifelong learners.

Despite decades of research, hospitalized children continue to suffer from unrelieved pain. Failure to apply state-of-the-art knowledge to clinical practice has been termed one of the greatest paradoxes in modern medicine (Kenny, 2001). Clearly, effective pain management requires state-of-the-art knowledge about the pain experience. This article reviews research over the past two decades related to the predictors of age, gender, prior pain experiences, pain expectation, pain acceptance, and pain tolerance. The review underscores implications for clinical practice and indications for future research.