Abstract. A box model incorporating a state-of-the-art chemical mechanism for atmospheric mercury (Hg) cycling was developed to investigate the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) at three locations in the northeastern United States: Appledore Island (AI; marine), Thompson Farm (TF; coastal, rural), and Pack Monadnock (PM; inland, rural, elevated). The chemical mechanism in this box model included the most up-to-date Hg and halogen chemistry. As a result, the box model was able to simulate reasonably the observed diurnal cycles of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and chemical speciation bearing distinct differences between the three sites. In agreement with observations, simulated GOM diurnal cycles at AI and TF showed significant daytime peaks in the afternoon and nighttime minimums compared to flat GOM diurnal cycles at PM. Moreover, significant differences in the magnitude of GOM diurnal amplitude (AI > TF > PM) were captured in modeled results. At the coastal and inland sites, GEM oxidation was predominated by O3 and OH, contributing 80–99 % of total GOM production during daytime. H2O2-initiated GEM oxidation was significant (∼ 33 % of the total GOM) at the inland site during nighttime. In the marine boundary layer (MBL) atmosphere, Br and BrO became dominant GEM oxidants, with mixing ratios reaching 0.1 and 1 pptv, respectively, and contributing ∼ 70 % of the total GOM production during midday, while O3 dominated GEM oxidation (50–90 % of GOM production) over the remaining day when Br and BrO mixing ratios were diminished. The majority of HgBr produced from GEM+Br was oxidized by NO2 and HO2 to form brominated GOM species. Relative humidity and products of the CH3O2+BrO reaction possibly significantly affected the mixing ratios of Br or BrO radicals and subsequently GOM formation. Gas–particle partitioning could potentially be important in the production of GOM as well as Br and BrO at the marine site.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution caused by innovative technologies is an irresistible megatrend, and many companies, institutions, and major countries are making efforts to participate. The World Economic Forum took the lead in discussing the Fourth Industrial Revolution, adding the issue to its 2016 agenda, and found that many governments, including that of Korea, were concerned about how to support their nation’s participation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and were pursuing programs to support such efforts. In this study, we describe one of those programs, the Korean government’s Flagship Project Support Program (FPSP), which supports latecomers in creating open platforms and creating new business ideas in innovative technological industries. The program helps businesses overcome entry barriers to existing business ecosystems established by big technological players in growing fields such as smart cars, the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), etc. The purpose of this study is to determine whether latecomers and small- and medium-sized companies that are experiencing difficulties in their own innovation can succeed in innovation through the Korean government’s FPSP. This study performed a comprehensive and qualitative analysis based on the Logic Model Framework consisting of an investigation of business ecosystems before and after the FPSP, assessment of outcomes, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the FPSP. This study shows that open platforms resulting from the FPSP successfully innovated business models in Korea. Our study, therefore, has implications for other governments seeking to play a role in supporting the Fourth Industrial Revolution.