A total of 74 Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) and red pine (P. densiflora S. et Z.) trees were destructively sampled in southern Korea, which is severely affected by pine wilt disease (PWD). Species-specific allometric equations were developed to estimate the biomass, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of the tree components (i.e., stem wood, stem bark, branches, needles and roots) based on the diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem diameter at 20 cm aboveground (D20). The C concentrations of the various tree components were not correlated with DBH (P > 0.05), except for the C concentration in the stem bark (r = -0.29, P < 0.05) of the black pine and the branches (r = 0.40, P < 0.05) of the red pine. However, the N concentrations in the stem wood (r = -0.53, P < 0.05), stem bark (r = -0.37, P < 0.05) and branches (r = -0.40, P < 0.05) of the black pine were negatively correlated with DBH. The mean C concentrations of the tree components were not significantly different between the black pine and red pine, except for the stem bark, whereas the mean N concentrations were significantly lower in the black pine than in the red pine, except for the stem bark. The allometric equations developed for the biomass, C and N content for all the tree components were significant (P < 0.05). The adjusted coefficient of determination (adj. R 2 ) of the DBH allometric equations ranged from 0.66 to 0.97, while the coefficients for the D20 equations were between 0.66 and 0.95. Black pines consistently exhibited more biomass, C and N content in the tree components compared with the red pines with similar DBH or D20. These results suggest that the accuracy of estimates for biomass, C and N stocks in black pine and red pine forests could be improved by specific allometric equations for PWD-disturbed forests.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the damage characteristics induced by winter freezing of evergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in urban area of warm temperate forest zone, which are gaining increased interest recently as climate change. The results of the study indicated that, as for 'stem injury', Camellia japonica Linné (59.6%) had the weakest damage, while Ternstroemia gymnanthera Sprague (83.3%) had the most severe damage. By the visual evaluation of freezing injury according to the characteristics of plantations environment, the observations of single planting (p<0.01) in planting method had weaker damage than those of group planting, the observations of under tree (p<0.001), plain (p<0.001), and organic matter plenty (p<0.05) in plantations characteristics had significant differences with relatively weaker damage than the observations of open space, slop, and scarcity, respectively. Tree height (-0.432) and crown width (-0.470) among growth factors were negatively correlated with the severity of damage, respectively. Therefore, the selection of tree species is vital for the successful creation of these urban forested area by making considerations of planting environment, and further research on evergreen broad-leaved trees is needed in this aspect.

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