Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yields are drastically reduced by water and cold stress that occur individually or simultaneously in northern region of India. The comparative effects of both the stresses were investigated at the metabolic level by examining the endogenous status of polyamines (PAS), active oxygen species and antioxidants. Chickpea plants (15‐day old) growing hydroponically under controlled conditions (light/ dark; 24/21 °C, 16/8 h; irradiance 250 μmol m−2 s−1) were subjected to water deficit stress (Ψs of −0.2 to −1.0 MPa) and cold stress (5–25 °C) for 4 days. LD50 in terms of root growth rate (RGR), electrolyte leakage and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activity was observed at −0.6 MPa and 10 °C for water and cold stress, respectively. In a subsequent experiment, 15‐day‐old plants were exposed to these stress levels under the above‐mentioned growth conditions for 7 days and analysed for various parameters. In cold‐stressed plants (CS), putrescine (PUT) was observed to be relatively higher while water‐stressed plants (WS) had more of spermidine (SPD). Spermine (SPM) levels increased more rapidly in WS and declined on the fourth day of stress while in CS, a gradual increase occurred that decreased on the seventh day. The accumulation of PAs was short‐lived under the combined presence of both the stresses. Hydrogen peroxide elevated abruptly in WS and remained higher than CS while the latter showed a marked increase in malondialdehyde content. Ascorbic acid increased sharply in WS that decreased on the fourth day while CS showed a relatively gradual increase that reached its maximum on the fourth day and declined subsequently. Glutathione was significantly higher in CS plants in comparison with WS and CS + WS plants. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase were higher up to 4 days and declined subsequently while those of WS stayed higher till the last day of stress. Ascorbate peroxidase levels were significantly higher in CS plants while catalase activity was comparatively more in WS. Exogenous application of PAs reduced the level of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content and raised the level of antioxidants. Put caused 44 and 32 % increase in RGR in CS and WS, respectively, while SPD resulted in 110 and 25 % enhancement in WS and CS, respectively. Under combination of stresses, RGR increased by 21, 53 and 10 % by Put, SPD and SPM, respectively. The effects of PAs could be reversed largely by their biosynthetic inhibitors. α‐difluoromethylornithine (a biosynthetic inhibitor of putrescine) caused more damage to CS while cyclohexylamine (inhibitor of SPD and SPM biosynthesis) was more inhibitory in WS.

SUMMARY :Study on effect functional response of wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) in relation to different prey densities of 3 rd and 4 th instar Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) nymphs was undertaken in glass jar arena with '3' spiders under both ambient CO 2 and elevated CO 2 conditions. Under elevated CO 2 condition, predator feeding rate increased from 10.0±3.24 to 31.0±4.36 hoppers/ predator with increase of prey density from 10 to 50 hoppers /predator compared to feeding rate (10.0±3.24 to 33.0±4.39) under ambient CO 2 condition. The feeding rate of the spider under elevated CO 2 was slightly higher than ambient CO 2 condition because elevated CO 2 probably lowered the quality of rice plant and ultimately reduced the quality of prey. In order to compensate for poor nutrient quality of prey, predators might have consumed more number of prey under elevated CO 2 compared to ambient CO 2 . Based on predation study, number of attacked prey (H a ) and prey density per unit area over a period of time (HT) were determined. Regression of 1/H a on 1/HT under ambient CO 2 as well as elevated CO 2 revealed functional type II response of wolf spider on BPH nymph. The attack rate (0.43), maximum attack rate (4.27) and efficiency parameters (0.53) of the predator were higher but handling time was lower (0.71) under elevated CO 2 compared to ambient CO 2 condition. Effect of climate change on functional response of the predator wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) feeding on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)

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