Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a syndrome of multiple metabolic disorders and is genetically heterogeneous. India comprises one of the largest global populations with highest number of reported type 2 diabetes cases. However, limited information about T2D associated loci is available for Indian populations. It is, therefore, pertinent to evaluate the previously associated candidates as well as identify novel genetic variations in Indian populations to understand the extent of genetic heterogeneity. We chose to do a cost effective high-throughput mass-array genotyping and studied the candidate gene variations associated with T2D in literature. In this case-control candidate genes association study, 91 SNPs from 55 candidate genes have been analyzed in three geographically independent population groups from India. We report the genetic variants in five candidate genes: TCF7L2, HHEX, ENPP1, IDE and FTO, are significantly associated (after Bonferroni correction, p<5.5E−04) with T2D susceptibility in combined population. Interestingly, SNP rs7903146 of the TCF7L2 gene passed the genome wide significance threshold (combined P value = 2.05E−08) in the studied populations. We also observed the association of rs7903146 with blood glucose (fasting and postprandial) levels, supporting the role of TCF7L2 gene in blood glucose homeostasis. Further, we noted that the moderate risk provided by the independently associated loci in combined population with Odds Ratio (OR)<1.38 increased to OR = 2.44, (95%CI = 1.67–3.59) when the risk providing genotypes of TCF7L2, HHEX, ENPP1 and FTO genes were combined, suggesting the importance of gene-gene interactions evaluation in complex disorders like T2D.

Angioma serpiginosum (AS) is a rare vascular naevoid disorder due to ectatic dilation of capillaries in the papillary dermis. The condition is found almost exclusively in females who have grouped erythematous punctate lesions usually on the lower limbs or buttocks. We report two rare cases of AS, each representing a different and unusual clinical feature of AS: one with familial involvement and the other with an extensive distribution of lesions.

In this prospective study, we correlated cytological grading and clinical follow‐up of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) with DNA flow cytometry (FCM) data from fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material. FNAB was performed from 34 successive cases of NHL, and the aspirated material was analyzed by DNA FCM. Cytological subtyping and grading were done by modified Working Formulation. Cases were followed up for 2.5 yr, and cytological grading, clinical follow‐up, and DNA FCM data were correlated. There were 8 cases of low, 14 intermediate, and 12 high‐grade NHL. None of the cases of low‐grade NHL showed DNA aneuploidy. Of the 8 DNA aneuploid cases, 5 were of intermediate and 3 were of high‐grade NHL. Mean growth fraction (GF) of low‐grade, intermediate‐grade, and high‐grade NHL was 6.1, 9.4, and 19.4, respectively. DNA aneuploidy was statistically significant (P < 0.05) between low‐ vs. intermediate‐ and high‐grade NHL. Growth fraction was also statistically significant between low‐ vs. high‐grade NHL. Six cases showed clinical recurrence, and one case died within 6 mo of diagnosis, due to widespread involvement of NHL. DNA aneuploidy and mean GF of recurrent and nonrecurrent cases were statistically significant (P < 0.05) irrespective of grading of NHL. DNA aneuploidy and GF are not well‐correlated with morphological grading (by the Working Formulation). However, these two criteria are important for assessment of early clinical relapse of NHL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:152–156. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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