Introduction: Anatomical variation of the colon can cause diagnostic dilemmas and pose a problem while radiological interpretation and during various procedures.  Radiologists and clinicians should exert much caution during the procedures in such patients. This study was done to study the anatomical variation of the colon in abdominal CT scans and correlated the variations with gender.   Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done at the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Manipal Teaching Hospital from September 2020 to March 2021. Abdominal CT was obtained and colonic position was evaluated. The Chi-square test was applied to assess the correlation between colonic variations and gender. Results: There were 388 patients in total.  The age of the patients ranged from 3 years to 94 years. The mean age of the patients was 44.8±18.6 years.  There were 166 (42.8%) females and 222 (57.2 %) males.  Out of 388 patients, 170(43.8) had some colonic anatomical variations. Sixteen (4.1%) patients had retro gastric colon. Around 6% had a right retrorenal colon and 30(7.7%) had a left retrorenal colon.  Seven (1.8%) patients had anterolateral hepatodiaphragmatic interposition.  Forty-two patients (10.8%) had high positioned caecum. The redundant sigmoid colon was present in 38(9.8%) patients. There was no significant correlation between the colonic variation and gender. Conclusion: Different variations in the colon exist even in the Nepalese population, of which the radiologists, as well as the surgeons, should be aware.

Introduction: Renal calculus is one of the common problems frequently encountered in clinical practice. Various factors play an important role in its formation.This study was done to find out the anatomical variations of the lower pole of the kidney bearing the calculus and compared it with the calculus-free contralateral kidney. Method: Patients with isolated lower pole calculus undergoing computed tomography urography and computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis were included in the study. Infundibuloureteropelvic angle, infundibulocalyceal length, and infundibular width of the lower calyx of the stone-bearing kidney were measured and compared with the contralateral stone-free kidney. Result: A total of 37 patients were included for statistical analysis. The age of the patients ranged from 22 to 84 years with a mean age of 41.9±17.9 years. Infundibulocalyceal length (ICL) of the calculus-bearing kidney was significantly longer than the calculus-free kidney. Infundibuloureteropelvic angle (IUPA) of the calculus-bearing kidney was significantly more acute than a calculus-free kidney. There was no significant difference in infundibular width between the calculus bearing and calculus free kidney Conclusion: IUPA and ICL are significantly associated with lower pole calculus.

Introduction: The goal of this study is to find the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting ureteric calculi in patients with renal colic taking NECT KUB as the gold standard. Methods: All patients with acute renal colic presenting in the radiology department for ultrasonography and NECT KUB were enrolled in the study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting ureteric calculi were calculated by taking NECT KUB as the gold standard test. Results: A total of 88 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 37 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for the detection of ureteric calculi were found to be 85.8 %, 80 %, 97.1 %, 42.1 %, and 85.2 % respectively in the present study. Conclusion: Ultrasonography shows high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ureteric calculi. It is a cheap, non-invasive, and easily available modality and there is no risk of radiation exposure. NECT KUB should be reserved for that patient for whom ultrasonography is not able to give a diagnosis.

Introduction: Thyroid nodule is commonly detected while performing an ultrasound of the neck. American College of Radiology, Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (ACR-TIRADS) is a classification used to characterize thyroid nodules based on ultrasound findings. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of ACR-TIRADS classification in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Manipal Teaching Hospital. A total of 70 patients presenting to our radiology department for fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid nodule were enrolled in the study. Thyroid nodules were grouped as 1- 5 according to the ACR-TIRADS. The ACR-TIRADS findings were correlated with FNAC and or biopsy findings as available. Subsequently; sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ACR-TIRADS in differentiating benign from malignant nodules were assessed.  Results: Mean age of patients in our study was 52.16 years (18-89 years). Male patients were 11 (15.7 %) and female were 59 (84.30 %). According to Ultrasonography; 1.4% of thyroid nodules were labelled as ACR-TIRADS 1; 21.4% as ACR-TIRADS 2; 32.85% as ACR- TIRADS 3; 28.6 % as ACR-TIRADS 4 and 15.7 % as ACR-TIRADS 5. ROC curve analysis showed AUC of 0.78 (95% CI). ACR-TRIADS had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, diagnostic accuracy of 87.5%, 68.5 %, 45.16 %, 94.87 %, 72.86 % respectively. Conclusion: ACR- TIRADS has high sensitivity and accuracy in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Introduction: The new coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV2 strain of coronavirus. The Computed tomography (CT) severity index is a scoring system used to assess the lung changes and involvement by COVID-19 based on approximate estimation of pulmonary involved areas. This study was done to identify the spectrum of CT chest findings and CT severity index in COVID-19 infection and its correlation with age and gender. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 infection with positive PCR results and positive pulmonary CT findings were included in the study. All these patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest. The CT scan severity score in all of these patients was calculated and the results were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 104 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included in this study. There were 59 males (56.73%) and 45 females (43.3%) in this study. There was a higher chest severity score in males compared to females. However, there was no significant correlation between the age and CT chest severity score. Conclusion: HRCT chest can help in the early identification of the patients who need intensive care. Early admission and intensive care of the patients with high CT severity scores may help to reduce the mortality of COVID-19 patients.