Background: This survey was designed to assess and evaluate the prescribing pattern of antibiotics used in patients suffering from ENT (Eye, Nose, and Throat) infections in ENT outpatient departments (OPD) at Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), Phulbari, Pokhara, Nepal.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in out-patients of ENT department at MTH for 6 month in which a total of 216 prescriptions were observed randomly and data filled patient profile forms were collected and analyzed.Results: Out of 216 patients, 126(58.33%) were male and 90 (41.67%) were female. Patients of age group 21-30 were maximum (29.16%) followed by age group of 11-20 (22.22%). Only 6.7% of drugs were prescribed from their generic names. Data analysis revealed that about 72.24%, 24.53% and 3.23% of prescription contained one, two and three antibiotic drugs respectively. All together 970 drugs were prescribed in 216 prescriptions out of which 251 (25.87%) were antibiotics drugs. This suggested that the average no. of antibiotics per prescription was 1.16. Among prescribed antibiotics, Amoxicillin (7.56%) of penicillin group, Azithromycin (8.36%) of macrolides, Cefuroxime (9.56%) of 2nd generation cephalosporin followed by Cefpodoxime (32.27%) of 3rd generation cephalosporin and Ofloxacin (6.37%) of quinolones group were frequently prescribed. From analysis, we found that other concomitant medications were also prescribed such analgesics, antihistamines, PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitors) and vitamins, minerals and dietary enzymes. The prescribed antibiotics accounted for large percentage of oral dosage forms (89.90%) followed parental injection dosage forms 5.05%.Conclusions: Prescribing more than one antibiotics was commonly encountered indicating the occurrence of polypharmacy which were based on empirical therapy without any culture and sensitivity test report. Therefore, local hospital culture sensitivity database for ENT infections has to be developed and prescribing with generic name from existing essential drug list or formulary should be encouraged for rational drug therapy.

These investigations compare the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents among hypertensive patients. It was an open label, prospective and comparative study carried out in the Out-patient department at BPKIHS, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Patients of either sex aged between 25-80 years suffering from mild to moderate hypertension were randomly selected. In this study indicate various types of antihypertensive drugs for the management of hypertension like Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine), Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitors (Enalpril), beta adrenergic blocker (metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol), Angiotension receptor blocker (Losartan), Diuretics (Spironolactone, Furesomide). In this study, out of 40 patients of stage 1 hypertension: 18 % patients were treated with ARBs, 30 % patients were treated with CCBs, 15 % patients with CCBs + diuretics, 8 % patients with β-blockers + ARBs, 10 % with ACE inhibitors and 12.5 % patients were treated with β -blockers + CCBs. Similarly, out of 15 patients of stage 2 hypertensive patients, 6 % patients were treated with ARBs + diuretics, 13 % patients with ARBs + β blockers, 20 % with CCBs + diuretics, 20 % with β blockers + ACE inhibitors and 40 % patients were treated with CCBs + ARBs. Three drug combined therapy is more effective as compared to two drug combined therapy and mono therapy. In this study, male hypertensive patients were observed more susceptible with severe hypertension as compared to female hypertensive patients. The reason corresponding to this statement might be more stressful life style and frequent smoking habit as well as more alcohol consumption habit of male as compared to female.

The present study determined the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) isolated from enteric fever patients at Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Nepal, from June 2012 to December 2012. The antimicrobial sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Salmonella was isolated from 34 out of 992 (3.43%) blood cultures collected during the study period, and 10 (29.4%) isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, while 24 (70.6%) were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi. Out of the total isolates, 31 (91.2%) were nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella (NARS). Among NARS, the minimum inhibitory concentration values for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 mg/L and were constantly higher than those shown by the nalidixic acid-susceptible Salmonella. Therefore, in typhoid Salmonella nalidixic acid resistance may be the indicator of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

The plant Aganosma dichotoma is widely used as traditional medicine in different aborigines which is supported by this investigation. It belongs to Apocynacae family. The aim of the study was to evaluate the methanolic extract of leaf of Aganosma dichotoma's different fractionates as anti-diarrheal agents. The methanolic extract of leaves of Aganosma dichotoma (400 mg/kg) exhibited very statistically significant anti-diarrheal activity with a 68.27 % reduction of diarrhea compared to the standard of loperamide 69.23 %. The anti-diarrheal activity shows Aganosma dichotoma statistically significant at the higher dose compared to dose of 200 mg/kg. Therefore we can assume that, the anti-diarrheal activity of Aganosma dichotoma was dose dependent.