Background: The clavicle, modified long bone, presents morphological and bilateral variations. This may be due to genetic factors, hormones, or environmental and occupational influences. Anthropometric studies in clavicle of Nepalese population using radiograph has not been reported to best of our knowledge. This study, aimed to determine the sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of clavicle in Nepalese Population using Postero-Anterior Chest X Ray. Methods: Chest x-rays with normal and clearly visible both clavicles of 1260 Nepalese adults (591 male, 669 female), aged above 20 years were utilized. Inbuilt software “Computed Radiography Fuji Computer System 7” was used for measurements (in centimeter) of sternal head length, acromial end length, mid shaft diameter and length of clavicle. Demarcating point and identification point were calculated. Patients having history of clavicles fractures in the past were excluded. Results:  All the parameters in male is greater than female which is significant except Length/Mid Shaft Diameter. Similarly, all the parameters of right clavicle is significantly greater than left clavicle in both sexes except Sternal Head Length and Mid Shaft Diameter. Demarcating point calculated from length of the clavicle (right >16.17, left >16.10 for male and right <11.20, left <10.65 for female) and Mid Shaft Diameter (right >1.33, left >1.38 for male and right <0.66 and left <0.67 for female) are important parameters to determine sex.    Conclusions:The clavicle shows significant sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry in Nepalese population. The result of this study is helpful to anthropologist and forensic medicine. Keywords: Anthropometry; clavicle; demarcating point; postero-Anterior chest x-rays; sexual dimorphism

Introduction: Human skeleton shows variable degree of sexual dimorphism, but definitive inference can be obtained from only a few bones, sacrum being one of them. The morphometric differences of the bone will be helpful to obstetricians, as it shows special adaptations in females for child bearing. It is also important for physical anthropologists and forensic scientists for sex determination. The aim of this study was to find out whether sex could be determined by using sacral parameters from X-ray images of pelvis. Methods: The study included antero-posterior X-ray images of pelvis with clearly visible 680 sacra (311 of males and 369 of females) obtained by computer generated random numbers from records in the Department of Radiodiagnosis of a medical college in Nepal. X-ray images with the sacrum suspected for fractures and pathological diseases were excluded. Inbuilt software “CR Konica Minolta Aero DR/CR CS7” was used for measurements. Results: The mean sacral length and mean transverse diameter of S1 vertebra were higher in males; whereas, mean sacral breadth, mean left ala length, mean right ala length, mean ala length, mean sacral index and mean alar index were higher in females. These differences in sacral parameters between the two sexes were statistically significant (p<0.05). The percentage of bones identified by demarking points of sacral index was 15.17% and 0.32% respectively in the males and the females. Conclusion: The result of the present study supported determination of sex of an individual from radiological assessment of sacrum.

Introduction: Face has priority in identification of an individual. Nose occupying the middle of face is animportant sense organ that helps in respiration. Nose and face can be classified into different types accordingto nasal index and facial index. The aim of this study was to analyze nose and face type and find out itsdominance in different sex of Nepalese and Indian population. Methods: This was a quantitative observationalstudy conducted on 156 medical students using simple sampling method. Data were collected then nasalindex and facial index were calculated. Descriptive statistical data i.e. mean, standard deviation, togetherwith the independent-samples t-test results for anthropometric variables of nasal and facial parameters insex and Nationality (Nepalese and Indian) were analyzed. Results: All the measurement values were morein males compared to females, but the sexual dimorphism in nasal index (male 76.25 ± 7.75, female 75.70± 8.05) and facial index (male 85.77 ± 8.1, female 82.97 ± 7.63) is not statistically significant. Chi-squaretest revealed significant difference in face type among Nepalese and Indian population. Mesorrhine wasthe most common type of nose in both the population. Nepalese had commonly euryprosopic type of facewhile Indians had hypereuryprosopic type of face. Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism was not significant inboth nasal and facial parameters while type of face was helpful in differentiation of Nepalese and Indianpopulation.

Introduction: Height is important for determination of basic energy requirement, standardization and identification. It is also useful for measuring physical capacity and adjusting drug dosages. Sometimes the exact height cannot be determined directly because the patient is unable to stand as a result of neuromuscular weakness, deformities of axial skeleton, loss of lower limbs and in case of amputation. Forensic investigations of skeletal remains also face the problems. Under such circumstances, height can be estimated by hand dimensions.Methods: Hand dimensions and height were measured on 239 medical students in the Department of Anatomy using standard instruments. Among them 120 were females and 119 were males. Correlation between height and hand dimensions was studied. Regression equation was derived for estimation of height from hand dimensions. Results: The correlations between height and hand dimension were statistically significant in both genders (p<0.05). The Pearson correlation between height and hand length was 0.616 and between height and hand breadth was 0.353 in males. Those coefficients for females were 0.706 and 0.198 respectively. Regression equations were formulated for height with hand length in males and females. Conclusion: Height can be predicted from hand length. Hand length showed moderate (males) to strong (females) positive correlation with statistical significance whereas hand breadth showed weak positive correlation with statistical significance.