INTRODUCTIONVitamin D deficiency, as reflected by circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels <20 ng/ml, is prevalent in as many as one-half of middle-aged to elderly adults in developed countries.1,2 The ubiquitous distribution of Vitamin D receptors in the body, controlled by nearly 3000 genes, 3,4 suggest that a deficiency could have widespread health consequences. Thus, understanding the characteristics that promote Vitamin D deficiency in the general population has important clinical implications. Vitamin D deficiency is estimated to affect over 1 billion people worldwide, 1 and its prevalence is increasing in conjunction with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and derangements in metabolic traits. Recent studies have examined the physiological functions of Vitamin D beyond its well-established role in musculoskeletal health.5 In addition to findings of oncologic 4 and immunologic 5 associations, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements and T2D. [6][7][8] Although 1, 25(OH)D is the active form of Vitamin D, it is not suitable for measuring Vitamin D serum level. 25(OH)D has a longer half-life and it can more precisely show the food intake and skin production of Vitamin D. A serum level of <20 ng/ml (50 nmol/L) 25(OH)D is considered as Vitamin D deficiency, between 20 and 30 ng/ml as its insufficient level and higher than 30 ng/ml as its desirable or sufficient level. 9-11ABSTRACT Background: In India, 30-50% of children and 50-80% of adults are Vitamin D deficient. Limited data exists to assess the association of Vitamin D status, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic traits in Indians. This study was conducted to assess the correlation of Vitamin D deficiency with T2D and metabolic risk factors in the Indian population. Methods: Patients of either gender visiting medicine outpatient department over a period of 1-year and with Vitamin D deficiency (levels <20 ng/ml), not taking Vitamin D supplements and having T2D were selected for the study. Participants were tested for serum Vitamin D, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile parameters. Correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and blood sugar and Vitamin D deficiency and lipid profile was assessed using Pearson's correlation test. Results: Out of 144 subjects, number of diabetic patients were 74 (51.38%) and non-diabetic patients were 70 (48.61%). Among diabetic patients, 10/74 (13.51%) were Vitamin D deficient and among non-diabetic patients, 20/70 (28.57%) were Vitamin D deficient. There was an inverse correlation between Vitamin D and total cholesterol (p=0.01) and Vitamin D and low-density lipoprotein (p=0.01), and it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of Vitamin D levels can be useful in diabetic patients as its deficiency is associated with T2D.

Background: Obesity is a serious health problem across the world. Obesity is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiac problems. Waist-hip ratio and waist circumference are better predictors of obesity and associated medical risks. The aims and objectives of study are to evaluate overweight and obesity in non-diabetics and assess correlation of BMI, WC and WHR with fasting blood sugar (FBS). Methods: A prospective study was carried out at D.Y. Patil Hospital Nerul, Navi Mumbai between November 2014-December 2014. Subjects attending the medical outpatient department (OPD) were invited to participate in this study. 200 subjects were screened, of whom 100 subjects having fasting sugar levels less than 110 mg/dL were enrolled. The subjects were matched with respect to age, BMI, waist circumference and Hip circumference and W: H ratio. BMI, WC and W:H ratio was correlated with FBS using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was considered at P value<0.05. Results: It indicated 19.6% males (10/51) and 14.28% females (7/49) were overweight and 47.05% males (24/51) and 42.85% females (21/49) were obese according to BMI. 13.72% males (7/51) and 20.40% females (10/49) were overweight and 66.66% males (34/51) and 38.77% females (19/49) were obese according to WC. 5.88% males (3/51) and 4.08% females (2/49) were overweight and 94.11% males (48/51) and 91.83% females (45/49) were obese according to WHR. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that there is a positive correlation between BMI, Waist circumference, Waist: Hip Ratio and are important indicators of obesity to predict obesity.