Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the cleanest sources of fuel for urban below poverty line (BPL) households and households of urban BPL group are shifting from traditional cooking fuels to cleaner energy use. However, providing cleaner sources of cooking fuel to its urban BPL households has become one of the biggest challenges for developing countries. This paper reported on a recent survey on the household energy consumption pattern of urban (BPL) families living in the slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The present study developed a 4A's matrix (Affordability, Availability, Awareness, and Attitude) to evaluate the different reasons behind acceptance and non-acceptance of LPG among the respondents. The results indicate that the 4 A's do not function in silos; rather they create a cumulative effect by working alongside of each other.

This study explores the factors that make an impact on the choice of cooking fuel, in our case, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) among the urban poor in the smart city, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. In earlier studies, multiple socioeconomic and market-related factors (e.g. distribution and pricing), are discussed as determinants which ultimately determine the households cooking fuel choice. This study focuses on household characteristics that can impact the choice of cooking fuel. Primary data collection was carried out in 3036 households in three urban-slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India and was used as a sample for the study. The analysis revealed that along with income and socioeconomic status, other household characteristics are also important in determining the choice of cooking fuel. A major finding of the study is that unaffordability is not the only criteria in the choice of cooking fuel. The choice of cooking fuel of a family is basically a function of external and household specific factors.