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Background: Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is a common renal fusion anomaly. We undertook this study to discuss various anomalies associated with HSKs. The objective of the study is to study various anomalies associated with HSKs and to assess the need for surgical intervention in patients with these anomalies. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of twenty patients who presented to our institute with the diagnosis of HSKs. The data were analysed with regard to age at presentation, symptoms, associated anomalies, investigations and surgical intervention. Results: Twenty patients were included in this study. They were referred either with a diagnosis of HSK or were diagnosed during investigations for symptoms and during workup for associated anomalies. Eleven patients were incidentally diagnosed and were asymptomatic, and there were no associated anomalies diagnosed in these patients. Nine patients were symptomatic and were diagnosed with various associated anomalies. Our results concur with recent literature review which suggests that nearly half of the patients with HSKs have associated anomalies. In the present series, all symptomatic patients with associated anomalies required surgical intervention. Conclusion: HSKs being a common fusion anomaly, necessitates a prompt and thorough search of the search for any associated anomalies. Many of these anomalies may require surgical intervention.

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Aim:To study the effect of nonclosure of rectourethral (RU) fistula and to do a comparative analysis of the complications with and without nonclosure of RU fistula during posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) in anorectal malformation cases (ARM).Materials and Methods:A total of 68 cases of ARM were included in the study group, of which 34 cases were those in whom RU fistula was not closed (group A) during PSARP. Another 34 successive cases were included in study group B in whom the RU fistula was closed as is conventionally done by using interrupted sutures.Results:Comparatively, group A had none or minimum urological complications as compared to Group B.Conclusion:RU fistula closure is not mandatory during PSARP and nonclosure avoids urological complications. It especially avoids urethral complications, which are 100% preventable.

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