Introduction:Clinical management of the urinary tract infections (UTI) is influenced by the antimicrobial vulnerability patterns.Objective:The study aimed to analyse the resistance pattern of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing UTI in patients over a period of 4 years from 2012 to 2015.Materials and Methods:1000 samples from patients suspected of having urinary tract infections were collected and processed for culture and antimicrobial drug susceptibility as per the routine microbiological techniques.Results:Of the total 1000 samples, 395 cases were culture-positive for E. coli. These isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Of the total 395 E. coli isolates, 170 (43%) were multi drug resistant (MDR). The isolates showed high level of resistance to Ampicillin (82.53%), Cefuroxime (72.41%), Amoxycillin-clavulinic acid (71.90%), Ceftriaxone (66.58%), Ciprofloxacin (65.82%) and Cefepime (57.47%). The isolates were sensitive to Imipenem (96.71%), Nitrfurantion (92.41%), Amikacin (90.89%), Chloramphenicol (85.82%), Piperacillin-tazobactum (80.76%), Gentamicin (59.24%), Azetreonam (54.43%) and Norfloxacin (53.67%).Conclusion:We conclude that a significant number of the urinary tract infections in our study subjects were caused by multiple drug resistant E. coli. The sensitivity pattern showed a continued decline from 2012 to 2015, with Imipenem being currently the most effective antibiotic.

The HPTLC method developed was found to be relatively simple, rapid and accurate for the routine analysis of TQ in extracts, marketed oils, polyherbal and in-house formulations.

Groundwater fluoride concentration and fluoride-related health problems were studied in twenty-two villages of Indi taluk of Vijayapura district, Karnataka, India. Present study (2015) was also used to compare groundwater fluoride concentration in same 22 villages with previous government report (2000). Groundwater fluoride concentrations of 62 bore wells of 22 villages were analyzed by using an ion-sensitive electrode. A total of 660 adults and 600 children were screened for fluorosis symptoms and signs. Sixty clinically suspected fluorosis patients' urine samples were further analyzed for fluoride. The mean value (1.22 ± 0.75 mg/L) of fluoride concentration of 62 bore wells and 54.83 % bore wells with ≥1.0 mg/L of fluoride concentrations in Indi taluk indicates higher than the permissible limit of drinking water fluoride concentration recommended for India. Clinical symptoms like arthritis, joint pains, gastrointestinal discomfort and lower limb deformities with high urinary fluoride concentrations in some subjects suggest fluorosis. Results also showed an increase in groundwater fluoride concentration of the same 22 villages between previous and present study. Preliminary arthritis symptom of the villagers could be due to drinking fluoride-contaminated water. Increase in fluoride concentration with time to the bore wells definitely indicates future danger.

Background: Mangifera indica L.; the largest fruit-tree found in India, is an important component of indigenous medical systems. Mangifera indica L. leaves (MIL) have been reported to possess various biological activities and thus, can be a useful source of substances for drug development. Although the leaves have been traditionally used as antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent, there is a paucity of scientific data in support of their efficacy. The purpose of this study was an in-depth evaluation of antimycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of a standardized extract of MIL. Material and Methods: The hexane extract of Mangifera indica L. leaves (HEMIL) was prepared and standardized. Chromatographic characterization of HEMIL was done using validated HPLC and GC-MS/MS technique. HEMIL was evaluated for antimycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity by using various in vitro and in vivo assays. Results and Discussion: HEMIL showed lupeol and stigmasterol content of 21.04 ± 0.03 mg/g and 16.99 ± 0.04 mg/g, respectively; and total terpenoids content of 112.55 ± 2.16 mg LE/g. GC-MS/MS characterization of the extract confirmed the presence of lupeol and stigmasterol and revealed five other phytochemical constituents. The safety of HEMIL was established in vitro and in vivo. HEMIL showed concentration-dependent inhibition of MTB as evident in REMA and radiorespirometry. HEMIL was also found efficacious in immunomodulatory evaluations using RAW 264.7 cells, human PBMCs, cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppressed mice and SRBCs stimulated mice. Conclusion: The promising results not only support the traditional claim of MIL as antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent but also provide data on their use in food supplements for immuno-pharmacological use.