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A new species of the gecarcinucid freshwater crab genus, Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968, is described from the Andhra Pradesh State of South India, with supporting data from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. This brings the number of known species of Spiralothelphusa to seven, five from India and two from Sri Lanka. The identity of S. wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) has remained uncertain because the former lectotype designation was not clear. Bott (1968), while designating a male lectotype of S. wuellerstorfi from the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria, had neither stated the catalogue number nor the size of the specimen. It is now difficult to trace the particular lectotype among several paralectotypes of the depository. A new lectotype is, therefore, designated herein for S. wuellerstorfi, and the species is redescribed. The new species, S. andhra sp. nov., has morphological affinities with S. wuellerstorfi, but can be distinguished from the latter species by the shape of the male telson and outer margin of the non-twisted portion of the male first gonopod. Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data also corroborate their separation. An illustrated identification key is provided for the species of Spiralothelphusa.

Recent surveys conducted in 2016–2018 from the Palair Reservoir of the Indian state of Telangana resulted in the collection of 153 specimens of freshwater decapods.  These specimens are assigned to 10 species: seven prawns in three genera and three families; three crabs in two genera of one family.  Among these, four species are recorded here as new records to Telangana: Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844, Caridina gracilipes De Man, 1892, Barytelphusa guerini (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), and Oziotelphusa sp.

The taxonomy and geographical distribution of three Palaemonid prawns in India which belong to the genera Macrobrachium and Leptocarpus are addressed in this article. These three prawns are going to be described from the Indian Deccan plateau for the first time. Both Macrobrachium nobilii (Henderson and Matthai, 1910) and Macrobrachium kempi (Tiwari, 1949) will be reported from the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. The other prawn species, Leptocarpus fluminicola (Kemp, 1917) is going to be reported first time from both of the states. Additionally, DNA barcoding data have been generated for these species from the collected specimens in order to establish species identification. A number of novel barcode sequences from these species have also been contributed to NCBI.

A new species of gecarcinucid crab, Barytelphusa choprai sp. nov., is described here from the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh state of India. The new species differs from all three congeners by its convex and trapezoidal carapace, pale white colouration, and by a distinct structure of the male gonopod G1. It differs from its congeners by genetic distance (p-distance) in the range of 5.7-13.6% in partial mtCOI gene sequence. The habitat at the type locality is a slow flowing shallow stream with rocky substratum, covered with silt and debris, and devoid of aquatic vegetation.