Attitudinal data obtained from interviewing random samples of women and men physicians in metropolitan Detroit indicated that women were generally more liberal and egalitarian than men. Older women were more liberal/egalitarian than older men while younger men were closer in attitudes to younger women. Within specialties, women and men physicians frequently held similar attitudinal scores; however, controlling for age, sex accounted for more variation than did specialty. A weighted combination additional 12 per cent of the men was blocked by a secretary, nurse or spouse (none of the woman physicians had such gate-keepers). There were no significant differences between

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In the search for recidivism-reducing strategies, intensive probation programs featuring enhanced social services and lower officer caseloads have become a high priority in many correctional jurisdictions. The field experiment reported here employed random assignment of newly sentenced property offenders to intensive or regular probation. A variety of variables, including demographic and past criminal behavior indices, were used to relate service referrals and use of services by clients to multiple measures of recidivism. Analysis of variance, multiple regression, and survival analysis were employed to analyze these data. The results reveal that intensive probation is not measurably superior to conventional procedures. When probationers receive only sparse services or referrals from the probation department, they will secure such services on their own. For felonious property offenders, regular probation is less expensive than intensive probation and no less effective with regard to recidivism.

Sweeping changes have occurred in US cities since the 1960s. Demographic shifts have increased the population and political strength of suburbs. The economy has become globalized and many urban areas have been seriously affected by the reorganization of basic industry. Additionally, the nation is confronted with a deficit of immense proportions. This paper examines the influence of these trends on urban policy intiatives over the past four decades. US urban policy is critically explored and analyzed. The need for a national urban policy is stressed. The authors conclude that both major political parties have failed to place cities at the center of domestic policy and suggest ways to create a national urban policy.

This paper examines two dimensions of parental involvement with their children's schooling: (1) parent-child interaction with homework in the home and (2) parent-school staff interactions with meetings in the school. The data are drawn from an urban school district of 17,000 students, demographically reflecting many Northern central cities. The random sample consisted of 322 households with one or more children attending grades K-12 in the public schools. The data indicate a significant difference between the two dimensions as well as their relationship to demographic variables, parental attitudes, and school performance. The design allows separate analysis of these variables for siblings. The authors discuss the various definitions of parental involvement and their implications for policy discussions and offer some conclusions regarding the role of central city parents in the schooling of their children.