This work reports the maximization of eugenyl acetate production by esterification of essential oil of clove in a solvent-free system using Novozym 435 as catalyst. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of clove essential oil and eugenyl acetate produced were determined. The conditions that maximized eugenyl acetate production were 60 °C, essential oil of clove to acetic anhydride ratio of 1:5, 150 rpm, and 10 wt% of enzyme, with a conversion of 99.87 %. A kinetic study was performed to assess the influence of substrates' molar ratio, enzyme concentration, and temperature on product yield. Results show that an excess of anhydride, enzyme concentration of 5.5 wt%, 50 °C, and essential oil of clove to acetic anhydride ratio of 1:5 afforded nearly a complete conversion after 2 h of reaction. Comparing the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of clove before and after esterification, we observed a decrease in the antimicrobial activity of eugenyl acetate, particularly with regard to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Both eugenyl acetate and clove essential oil were most effective to the gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria group. The results showed a high antioxidant potential for essential oil before and particularly after the esterification reaction thus becoming an option for the formulation of new antioxidant products.
The production of compounds via enzymatic esterification has great scientific and technological interest due to the several inconveniences related to acid catalysis, mainly by these systems do not fit to the concept of "green chemistry". Besides, natural products as clove oil present compounds with excellent biological potential. Bioactives compounds are often toxic at high doses. The evaluation of lethality in a less complex animal organism can be used to a monitoring simple and rapid, helping the identification of compounds with potential insecticide activity against larvae of insect vector of diseases. In this sense, the toxicity against Artemia salina of clove essential oil and its derivative eugenyl acetate obtained by enzymatic esterification using Novozym 435 as biocatalyst was evaluated. The conversion of eugenyl acetate synthesis was 95.6%. The results about the evaluation of toxicity against the microcrustacean Artemia salina demonstrated that both oil (LC 50 = 0.5993 µg.mL -1 ) and ester (LC 50 = 0.1178 µg.mL -1 ) presented high toxic potential, being the eugenyl acetate almost 5 times more toxic than clove essential oil. The results reported here shows the potential of employing clove oil and eugenyl acetate in insecticide formulations.Keywords: Novozym 435, Caryophyllus aromaticus, enzymatic esterification.Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cravo e seu éster acetato de eugenila contra Artemia salina ResumoA produção de compostos via esterificação enzimática possui grande interesse científico e tecnológico devido às inúmeras inconveniências relacionadas com a catálise ácida, principalmente por estes sitemas não se adequarem ao atual termo "tecnologias limpas". Além disso, produtos naturais como o óleo de cravo, apresentam compostos com excelentes potenciais biológicos. Compostos bioativos são quase sempre tóxicos em altas doses. A avaliação da letalidade em um organismo animal menos complexo pode ser usada para um monitoramento simples e rápido, servindo também para a identificação de compostos com potencial atividade inseticida contra larvas de insetos vetores de doenças. Neste sentido, foi determinada a toxicidade frente a Artemia salina do óleo essencial de cravo e do seu derivado acetato de eugenila obtido por esterificação enzimática com lipase Novozym 435. A conversão da reação de síntese de acetato de eugenila foi de 95,6%. Os resultados referentes à avaliação da toxicidade frente ao microcrustáceo Artemia salina demonstraram que tanto o óleo (LC 50 = 0,5993 µg.mL -1 ) quanto o éster (LC 50 = 0,1178 µg.mL -1 ) apresentam elevado potencial toxicológico, sendo que o éster apresenta aproximadamente 5 vezes mais toxicidade em relação ao óleo. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial emprego do óleo de cravo e de acetato de eugenila em formulações de inseticidas.Palavras-chave: Novozym 435, Caryophyllus aromaticus, esterificação enzimática.
This study reports the optimization of geranyl butanoate production by esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid in a solventfree system using two immobilized lipases as catalyst. The operating conditions that optimized geranyl butanoate production were determined to be 40 °C, a geraniol to butanoic acid molar ratio of 3:1, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction, which resulted in a reaction conversion of about 97% for Novozyme 435. When homemade Novozyme NZL-102-LYO-HQ (Cal-B) immobilized in polyurethane foam was used as catalyst, the experimental conditions of an alcohol to acid molar ratio of 5:1, 70 °C, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction gave a conversion of 95%. New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid for geranyl butanoate production are reported in this work, showing that the technique is promising for overcoming the well-known drawbacks of the chemical-catalyzed route.
A utilização das embalagens se faz necessária para garantir a qualidade dos produtos alimentícios durante todo o seu tempo de prateleira. A embalagem ativa contém componentes nos materiais que a constituem ou na sua parte interior que mantém ou melhoram os aspectos sensoriais, assim como a segurança e qualidade do alimento. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver uma revisão bibliográfica, reunindo informações da literatura a respeito de diferentes tipos de embalagens ativas utilizadas para uma maior conservação dos alimentos. Neste artigo são abordados conceitos, benefícios e aplicações, além dos diferentes tipos de embalagens ativas existentes, com destaque para embalagens com atmosfera modificada, controladoras dos níveis de etileno, redutoras dos níveis de umidade e liberadoras de aditivos com função antioxidante, antimicrobiana ou aromática. Cada embalagem possui um mecanismo de ação diferente que garante a qualidade do produto até este chegar ao alcance do consumidor. O uso de embalagens ativas traz como vantagem o aumento da vida útil e a segurança dos alimentos embalados, dentre eles carnes, laticínios, hortaliças, frutas e legumes, podendo ser reduzido o uso de conservantes químicos, proporciona menor desenvolvimento de microrganismos indesejáveis e de reações de oxidação, preservando as características sensoriais.
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