<p><strong>Aims</strong><strong>:</strong> This study aimed to increase the utilization of biomass-derived from the waste of coconut and peanut shells by making them as briquettes, as an alternative to fuel. The scarcity of petroleum because of its increasingly limited existence encourages all parties to take part in the development and discovery of new alternative energies. This is expected to overcome one of the most important of the many problems facing this country. The method used in this research is to start with a literature study of materials from various sources about the benefits and manufacturing of briquettes from biomass waste as an alternative energy source to be further tested for quality.  This involves a heat test, water content test, ash content test and determination of the flying matter. <strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The test results showed that natural gas emissions were below threshold, namely 0-30 ppm CO, 0-3.6 ppm H₂S, and undetectable NO_x. After evaluation, the results showed that with the addition of 30% of the biomass, the ignition time was reduced and the remaining unburned briquettes or bottom ash was reduced by 68.68%. <strong>Conclusion, significance, and impact of study:</strong><strong> </strong>The results help the community and the parties involved related to appropriate bio briquettes technology. It also eventually becomes one of the solutions to assist the government in solving problems related to alternative fuels to petroleum.</p>

Untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak salah satunya adalah menggunakanmetode Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) dengan injeksi kimia menggunakansurfaktan-polimer (SP). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi surfaktanpolimerterhadap recovery factor dengan berbagai salinitas maka dilakukaninjeksi larutan surfaktan Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) dengan konsentrasisebesar 0.5%, 1% dan 1,5% dan konsentrasi polimer Xanthan Gum sebesar 1000ppm, 1500 ppm dan 2000 ppm pada salinitas sebesar 5.000 ppm, 15.000 ppmdan 25.000 ppm. Hasil penelitian dibuktikan bahwa terjadi peningkatanrecovery factor, injeksi terbaik terjadi pada salinitas sebesar 15.000 ppm (InjeksiX2-Z1) dengan RF total sebesar 82% dari OOIP, peningkatan RF adalahsebesar 29% dari RF setelah injeksi air sebesar 40% dan RF setelah injeksi SPsebesar 69%. Nilai RF total pada injeksi X1-Z2 dengan salinitas sebesar 5.000ppm adalah sebesar 80% dari OOIP, peningkatan RF adalah sebesar 27% dariRF setelah injeksi air sebesar 40% dan RF setelah injeksi SP sebesar 67%. NilaiRF total pada injeksi X3-Z3 dengan salinitas sebesar 25.000 ppm adalahsebesar 67% dari OOIP, peningkatan RF adalah sebesar 23% dari RF setelahinjeksi air sebesar 33% dan RF setelah injeksi SP sebesar 50%.

<p class="IEEEAbtract"><em>Polymer injection is one of the methods of increasing oil recovery or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) after the water injection method is performed, to reduce residual oil saturation. The polymer reduces the water mobility ratio so that the sweeping efficiency will increase to encourage bypassed and unswept residual oil saturation. For polymer injection applications, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) or commercially known as HPAM is the most widely used type. At the current low oil prices, design optimization of polymer injections in certain reservoirs is important. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of permeability and polymer concentration on residual oil saturation by core flooding method in the effort of optimization of polymer injection. The optimal concentration in this study is 1,500 ppm which has the lowest residual oil saturation value. The increase in concentration from 500 ppm to 1.500 ppm, residual oil saturation decreased in four variations of Berea sandstone permeabilities. However, when the polymer concentration is added to 2.500 ppm, the residual oil saturation value increases. This can be caused by pore clogging. Whereas with permeability, residual oil saturation is directly proportional. The greater the permeability the greater the value of residual oil saturation. Core Y7 Berea has the highest permeability and saturation of residual oil. The results of this study are expected to be useful in the development of polymer injections on EOR activity.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords.</em></strong><em> </em><em>polymer injection, concentration, permeability, PHPA, residual oil saturation</em><em></em></p>

<p><strong>.</strong><em> </em>Hydraulic fracturing is one of the stimulation method that aimed to increase productivity of well by creating a high conductive conduit in reservoir connecting it to the wellbore. This high conductivity zone is created by injecting fluid into matrix formation with enough rate and pressure. After crack initiate and propagate, the process continue with pumping slurry consist of fracturing fluid and sand. This slurry continues to extend the fracture and concurrently carries sand deeply into formation. After the materials pumped, carrier fluid will leak off to the formation and leave the sand holds the fracture created. TLS Formation in X and Y Field is widely known as a formation that have low productivity since it has low permeability around 5 md and low resistivity 3 Ohm-m. Oil from TLS formation could not be produced without fracturing. This formation also have high clay content, 20 – 40 % clay. Mineralogy analysis also shown that this formation contains water sensitive clay such as smectite and kaolinite. Hydraulic fracturing has been done in this field since 2002 on around 130 wells. At the beginning of hydraulic fracturing campaign, the success parameter is only to make the wells produce hydrocarbon in economical rate. As the fractured wells become larger in number, several optimization is also been done to increase oil gain. Later on, the needs of conclusive analysis to evaluate well performance after hydraulic fracturing rise up due to sharp decrement of crude oil price. Accurate analysis and recommendation need to be conducted to assess the best candidate for hydraulic fracturing to maximize success ratio. Even though a common practice, candidate-well selection is not a straightforward process and up to now, there has not been a well-defined approach to address this process. Conventional methods are not easy to use for nonlinear process, such as candidate-well selection that goes through a group of parameters having different attributes and features such as geological aspect, reservoir and fluid characteristics, production details, etc. and that’s because it is difficult to describe properly all their nonlinearities. In that matter, Artificial Intelligence approach is expected to be an alternative solution for this condition.</p>

Abstract. This paper perfoms a discussion of the result from two laboratory tests of surfactant injection. The first test is focused on the influence of salinity that varies between 5000 ppm-9000 ppm with a concentration of 1% surfactant to the value of density, viscosity, interfacial tension, and Recovery Factor. The second test is performing the influence of surfactant concentration that varies between 0.1% -1% with a value of 5000 ppm salinity to the value of residual oil saturation, density, viscosity, and interfacial tension. The result of the first test shows that along with the increase of salinity levels, the increase in viscosity and density will occured as well. However, variations in salinity does not affect to the value of interfacial tension. Meanwhile, on Recovery Factor testing, the Recovery Factor optimal value of 61.53% was obtained when the salinity levels 6,000 ppm. The result of the second test showed that the addition of surfactant concentration lead to a decrease in the residual oil saturation and interfacial tension, but it may cause an increase in density and viscosity.