Owing to the difficulty of establishing a screening program for scoliosis and back pain, along with their disabling consequences and the lack of local prevalence rates, we sought to study the prevalence of scoliosis and back pain in adolescents in Saudi Arabia and the burden reported by the affected age group on the health system. Materials and methodsA school-based, cross-sectional pilot study covering all school districts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Students between 12 and 18 years of age were included. Students with any spinal or neurological disorders were excluded. Physical examinations to screen for scoliosis and student-filled questionnaires to assess back pain and health-related quality of life were performed. ResultsOf the 700 students, 591 met the inclusion criteria. High suspicion of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) was considered in 174 students (29.44%). In addition, 45.42% of the students had a history of back pain. The Oswestry Disability Index showed that 87 students had disabilities. The average Scoliosis Research Society-22 score was 3 out of 5. A significant difference was found in the self-image and mental health domains for AIS (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively). Age showed a significant increase in the odds ratio of a positive physical exam for every increase of one year in age (p < 0.01). ConclusionIdentifying the prevalence rates and early associated factors during adolescence would help lower the burden on the health system and benefit public health in general. A nationwide study is required to identify the relationship between scoliosis and back pain.