Kerangas or heath forests are found on podzolised siliceous sands (spodosols), where gradually decomposing organic matter occurs on the soil’s surface. Changes in the extent of podzol development, soil consistency, and poor nutrient contents signify the unique properties of sandy soil in the heath forest at Rantau Abang, Terengganu, Malaysia. Unfortunately, the sandy soil’s chemical and physical properties are in critical condition due to human activities such as cutting and burning, impacting the sustainability of this ecosystem and its ground cover of shrubs, sparse grass and sedge. Therefore, it is crucial to study the properties of sandy soils in heath forests before their extinction. This analyzed the physical and chemical attributes of heath forest sandy soils regarding heavy metal toxicity, pH, concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity (CEC), allelochemical compounds, total phenolic content in the soil, soil colour, and soil texture. The solid was found to be nutrient-deprived due to its extreme acidity and toxicity. The results showed that allelochemical matters were higher in plants but not in the soil attributes and the water bodies, along with a highly active response in young plant tissues due to their sources of phenolic content. Remarkably, the overall phenolic content was observed to be considerably high in the semi-mature phase of vegetation.

Al and Fe Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Vegetative and Root Parts of Dicranopteris linearis, Nephrolepis bifurcata, Stenochlaena palustris and Acrostichum aureum Grew in Highly Weathered Soil the accumulation of heavy metals. Furthermore, the remediation of numerous sites that are polluted with heavy metals, like landfills, is a cost-effective solution employing green technologies, like phytoremediation.

Organic pollutants are present in industrial wastewater treatment procedures and heavy metal ion removal is hard. Photo Fenton reaction activity was employed in this study to decompose the organic pollutants using a functional composite hydrogel. TiO2 nanoparticles, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and polyeugenol (PE) make up the hydrogel composite. It is made from rGO/TiO2 and is made using the precipitation technique. rGO is made from graphite using the Hummers process and it has remarkable mechanical strength and Photo-Fenton activity as a result of various breakdown data that were influenced differently such as pH, H2O2 concentration, dye concentration, temperature and irradiation duration. The morphology of the composite and the average diameter were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The degradation of Rhodmaine B (RB) dye by rGO/TiO2/PE hydrogel composite reached 100% after 60 min under UV irradiation. This research proposes a new method for processing high-consistency industrial wastewater which was difficult to degrade.

Considerable research interest has recently focused on the development of both transgenic and traditional breeding methods to increase total and individual carotenoid composition in sweet potatoes. Unfortunately little information is available on the influence of the environment on carotenoid profile stability in sweet potatoes especially growing seasons and storage. Therefore the aim of this study is to explore the composition and concentration of carotenoids in orange sweet potato tubers to enable their future enhancement through genetic manipulation over different growing seasons and storage time. Our findings revealed that orange sweet potato tubers contained α-carotene and β-carotene in the first and second season, whereas in the third season only lutein and zeaxanthin were detected. Analysis of carotenoid profiles of the orange sweet potato tubers grown in three different seasons showed that the growing season had a major effect on the carotenoid compounds stability. Besides growing seasons, the level of total and individual carotenoids in orange sweet potato tuber flesh are strongly influenced and affected by storage conditions. The storage of tubers over 6 months period of time appears to have distinct effects on carotenoid content and composition. Results showed that storage from 1 to 6 months resulted in the accumulation of zeaxanthin and β-carotene with a concomitant decreased of lutein, α-carotene and total carotenoid content.