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BACKGROUND Tumours of central nervous system (CNS) are reported to be less than 2 % of all malignancies. In India, CNS tumours constitute about 1.9 % of all tumours. The CNS space occupying lesions cause grave life-threatening outcomes irrespective of their nature as they grow in a confined space and are present close to vital structures. Hence, it is of great importance to establish the accurate diagnosis for proper and timely neurosurgical intervention. METHODS This was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital which caters as a referral unit for neurosurgical cases in Eastern India, for a duration of one and half year (January 2018 - July 2020) among 185 cases of CNS lesions collected from archives of Department of Pathology. The tumours were reclassified and graded according to the most recent World health organisation (WHO) classification of CNS tumours (2016). RESULTS Neoplastic lesions (168 cases, 91.35 %) were commoner than non-neoplastic entities and amongst the neoplastic lesions, meningioma was the commonest entity followed by diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumours while least incidence was noted for neuronal and mixed neuronal glial tumours. Out of all the tumours for which World Health Organization (WHO) grading was done, highest was WHO grade I (80 cases, 54.8 %) and least was grade III tumours (10 cases, 6.8 %). Male predominance was seen overall except in meningioma. Some rare and interesting cases like solitary fibrous tumour / hemangiopericytoma (anaplastic type), primary CNS diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), CNS plasmacytoma which we came across are also highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The present study helps to provide information regarding the disease burden in our area. This study attempts to categorise various CNS neoplasms as per recent WHO classification (2016) which has not only diagnostic implication but also has significant prognosis and predictive value. KEYWORDS Central Nervous System, Immunohistochemistry, Eastern India, Meningioma, Solitary Fibrous Tumour / Hemangiopericytoma, Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

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Hyponatraemia is an electrolyte disorder defined by blood sodium level < 135 mmol/L. It is a clinical emergency. It may be acute or chronic depending on duration and may be hypervolaemic, euvolaemic or hypovolaemic. In this observational study, a total of 111 patients were included. Out of them, 75% were male and 25% were female. Most patients were of 4 th decade (72%). Among them, 22% in CKD stage II, 24% in stage III, 29% in stage IV and 25% were in stage V and 75% of patients presented with acute and severe hyponatraemia. Hiccup (38%) was the major symptom, followed by vomiting, dehydration, confusion. Among the modes of treatment used, 3% hypertonic saline was used in majority. Duration of treatment in acute and chronic hyponatraemia was average of 3 and 5 days respectively. Despite judicious treatment, 1 patient developed symptoms and signs of demyelination on next day of treatment. Patient was treated with Inj. methylprednisolone. Among the chronic hyponatraemia patients, 1 patient suffered from extrapontine myelinosis who recovered with supportive treatment. About 66% patients presented with hypovolaemic hyponatraemia due to exacerbating factors such as vomiting, infection, injudicious use of diuretic, dehydration of unknown cause. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:Mohanty B, Senapati NN, Kar C, et al. Clinical and management profile of hyponatraemia in a tertiary hospital.

Background:The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy is rising steadily in developed and developing countries. Currently, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and in-center hemodialysis (HD) are the two major modes of dialysis used to treat ESRD. Only 8% of PD patients are initiated on PD directly, 92% are shifted from HD There are several approaches to measuring peritoneal membrane function like peritoneal equilibration test (PET), the standard permeability analysis (SPA). Successful treatment with PD encompasses several important quality targets like Patient survival, Technique survival, Quality of life, Nutrition status. Complications includes Catheter malfunction, Exit site infection, Peritonitis, Fluid leaks. In this observational study of clinical profile of CAPD patients 40 patients were taken. Of the 40 patients included in study 72.5% were male and 27.5% were female. Various factors for preference of CAPD are remote places, expenditure (35%), cardiovascular morbidity (25%). The observations are out of 52 % had well maintained nutrition, KT/V score ranges from 1.2 to 7 with mean (SD) 3.88 ± 1.59, only 22.5% have peritonitis and catheter exit site infections. None had catheter removal. All our outcome (such as correction of anemia, nutritional status, clinical well-being, absence of edema) and biochemical parameters (for e.g. Peritoneal Equilibrium Test, weekly KT/V) will used to knowing the adequacy which is consistent to results of various national and international studies.