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In this study, various national strategies and programs are described by planning instruments. The TIEB (Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint), which includes six programs (AEDP, PDP, EEDP, ODP, GDP, REDP), aims to regulate renewable energy and improve the use of biofuel. In addition, the potential of second-generation biofuels is estimated with different residue extractions of second-generation biomasses: 20% (scenario 1), 44% (scenario 2), and 66% (scenario 3). Based on the production potentials that were estimated, CO2 will decrease 1.3–3.5 megatons in the gasoline sector, and 1.4–3.8 megatons in the diesel sector under scenario 1. In scenario 2, we estimated decreases of 2.8–7.7 mega tons and 3.2–8.4 mega tons of CO2 for the gasoline and diesel sectors, respectively. Finally, scenario 3 is expected to reduce the CO2 concentration by 4.2–11.6 megatons in the gasoline sector, and by 4.7–12.6 megatons in the diesel sector. We also estimate the economic potential of a second-generation biofuel with the view of emissions trading. For bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively, 27–74 million USD and 30–81 million USD could be realized in scenario 1, 60–163 million USD and 67–178 million USD in scenario 2, and 90–244 million USD and 100–267 million USD in scenario 3. We conclude that the future potential of second-generation biofuels in Thailand is optimistic, and that they can provide both environmental and economic benefits to the country.

Numerous natural disasters that threaten people's lives and property occur in Indonesia. Climate change-induced temperature increases are expected to affect the frequency of natural hazards in the future and pose more risks. This study examines the consequences of droughts and forest fires on the Indonesian island of Kalimantan. We first create maps showing the eleven contributing factors that have the greatest impact on forest fires and droughts related to the climate, topography, anthropogenic, and vegetation. Next, we used RF to create single and multi-risk maps for forest fires and droughts in Kalimantan Island. Finally, using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) integrated evaluation model, a future climate scenario was applied to predict multiple risk maps for RCP-SSP2-4.5 and RCP-SSP5-8.5 in 2040–2059 and 2080–2099. The probability of a 22.6% drought and a 21.7% forest fire were anticipated to have an influence on the study's findings, and 2.6% of the sites looked at were predicted to be affected by both hazards. Both RCP-SSP2-4.5 and RCP-SSP5-8.5 have an increase in these hazards projected for them. Researchers and stakeholders may use these findings to assess risks under various mitigation strategies and estimate the spatial behavior of such forest fire and drought occurrences.