The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental abuse and neglect, as well as that of children's peer attachment, on mobile phone dependency. Data were obtained from the Korean Child-Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), and the participants were 1,892 (909 boys, 983 girls) elementary students (5th graders) who had a mobile phone. To measure the variables, this study used such scales as the parental abuse and neglect scale, peer attachment scale, and mobile phone dependency scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modeling analysis. The results of the study were as follows: First, parental abuse and neglect had direct negative effects on children's peer attachment; that is, the more parental abuse and neglect, the less children's peer attachment. Second, parental abuse and neglect had direct positive effects on mobile phone dependency; that is, the more parental abuse and neglect, the greater children's mobile phone dependency. However, children's peer attachment did not directly affect mobile phone dependency; that is, children's peer attachment did not have a mediating effect between parental abuse and neglect, and mobile phone dependency. In conclusion, parental abuse and neglect influence children's peer attachment and mobile phone dependency. Thus this study showed that parental abuse and neglect, rather than children's peer attachment, affect children's mobile phone dependency.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of undesirable parenting behavior, children's peer relationship and self-regulated learning on children's self-esteem. Using the data from Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, this study was conducted with Structural Equation Modeling(SEM).The results of this study were as follows. First, parents' undesirable parenting behavior influenced directly on children's self-esteem, and peer relationship. Second, children's peer relationship influenced directly on self-regulated learning, and self-esteem. Third, children's self-regulated learning influenced directly on self-esteem. Fourth, parents' undesirable parenting behavior did not influenced directly on children's self-regulated learning. But children's peer relationship and self-regulated learning had mediating effects on the relationship between undesirable parenting behavior and children's self-esteem.

This study was undertaken to identify a new combined plant extract (PAC) intended to treat in patients with acne vulgaris. We detected strong antibacterial activities of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP) against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisia annua L. extract (AA). To develop more effective agents in multiple targeting of the physiopathology of acne, a combination of three plant extracts (PAC), Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP), Artemisia annua L. extract (AA), and Citrus junos fruit juice (FC), indicated anti-proliferative effect on P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells proliferation, was prepared mixing at ratio 2:1:1. PAC with MIC values of 2.25 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis was more active than LP (2.50 mg/ml and 1.00 mg/ml), was the most active of three extracts. PAC also showed more effective anti-inflammatory activity than a single plant extract in P. acnes-treated NF, HaCaT cells and LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. And then, we evaluated sebosuppressive effect of PAC on differentiation and lipogenesis of sebocytes. Results showed that PAC reduced sebum production and IGF-1-stimulated proliferation on sebocytes. In addition, PAC (final 2%) applied in a test product clinically decreased skin oil content, sebum output level, and the number of closed comedones and open comedones in a period of 4 weeks. The results of the studies demonstrate that PAC is clinically effective with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, sebum protective properties for acne prone skin. These results suggest that in patients with acne, PAC can provide adjunctive care by targeting pathological factors including bacterial proliferation, inflammation and sebum production.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of children's representations of mothers and peer competence on preschool adjustment. 102 preschoolers (47 boys and 55 girls, aged 4-5) participated in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling analysis. The results were as follows: Firstly, children's representations of mothers had a direct effect on peer competence. Secondly, peer competence had a direct effect on preschool adjustment. Thirdly, children's representations of mothers did not directly affect preschool adjustment, but their representations of mothers did indirectly affect preschool adjustment, through peer competence. In conclusion, children's representations of mothers and peer competence influence preschool adjustment. 주제어 (Keywords) : 어머니 표상 (representations of mothers), 또래 유능성 (peer competence), 유아교육기관 적응 (preschool adjustment)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of spousal attachment, spousal caregiving, and parental caregiving behaviors on children's parental representations. One hundred and fifteen preschoolers (72 boys and 43 girls, aged between 4-5 years old) and their fathers and mothers participated in this study. The instruments used were the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum,