No abstract

By using commercial flight simulation game engine, X-Plane, we have studied QTG(Qualification Test Guide) generation that can satisfy FTD level 5. Flight model is SR-20 of Cirrus. In list of QTG, There are some items to measure control forces. therefore, we have installed CLS(Control Loading System) to flight control devices in order to make it possible to measure control forces. We made Autopilot function externally to make flight model in trim conditions because X-Plane don't provide internal trim routine function. In addition to develop an algorithm, it can automatically perform the test. To avoid the inconvenience to control as it was to be carried out in same conditions. In case of FTD level 5, it is possible to use alternative data sources not only real flight data. By using these alternative data sources, all test results satisfy a scope given by CFR Part 60.

We aimed to identify the browning of white adipocytes using partial least squares regression (PLSR), infrared spectral biomarkers, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with FTIR spectroscopy instead of molecular biology. PLSR helps distinguish human beige adipocytes treated with norepinephrine and rosiglitazone. When PLSR was based on the selected regions of 3997–3656 and 1618–938 cm−1, PLSR achieved an R2 of cross-validation of 88.95, a root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 2.13, and a ratio performance deviation (RPD) of 3.01. Infrared spectral biomarkers [1635 cm−1 (β-sheet amide I), 879–882, 860–3 cm−1 (A-form helix), and 629–38 cm−1 (OH out-of-plane bending)] were identified in human beige adipocytes based on spectral differences between human beige adipocytes and human white adipocytes, principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) cluster vector, U-test, and Fisher’s score per wavenumber. PLS-DA yielded a useful classification of adipocytes and expression distribution of adipogenesis genes in adipocytes. PLSR, infrared spectral biomarkers, and PLS-DA using FTIR spectroscopy are proposed as effective tools for identifying specific biological activities in a limited environment through features that do not require labeling and are relatively inexpensive in terms of time and labor.

This study was conducted to investigate the developmental characteristics of adipocytes and to identify selectively white and brown adipocytes through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. For the developmental characterization of adipocytes, cells and conditioned media of white and brown adipocytes were respectively collected and analyzed. A higher amide I/amide II ratio was observed in the conditioned medium of brown adipocyte than in that of white adipocyte, indicating differences in secretory protein profiles. In contrast, an amide I/amide II ratio was higher in white adipocytes than in brown adipocytes, and mature adipocytes have higher lipid amounts than pre-adipocytes. Lipid acyl chain length was the longest in white adipocytes. These differences suggested that FTIR spectroscopy can be used to characterize developmental stages and/or types of adipocytes. To identify the possibility of selectively classifying adipose-derived stem cells, FTIR spectroscopy spectra were obtained in cells before/after white/brown adipocyte differentiation using FTIR spectroscopy and then analyzed by the principal component analysis method. All data indicated that the discrimination between adipocytes was possible in the analysis of the infrared spectroscopy spectrum by the principal component analysis technique. This study suggested the possibility of FTIR spectroscopy as a new type of cell sorting system without tagging.