BACKGROUND Cadra (=Ephestia) cautella (Walker) is a serious cosmopolitan pest that can feed on a wide variety of stored foods. It is controlled mainly by fumigation with phosphine, to which strong resistance has been documented in major stored‐product insects in many countries. The need for reliable, user‐ and environmentally friendly alternatives is therefore high on the agenda to avoid the development of potential resistance and to reduce human exposure to toxic insecticides. Two modified atmospheres (MAs) composed of high carbon dioxide (CO2) and low oxygen (O2) (90% and 96% CO2 in air) were studied at the laboratory at 20 °C and 65 ± 3% relative humidity (RH) against C. cautella. RESULTS Eggs (1, 2, and 3 days old), young and mature larvae (10 and 20 days old), pupae (1, 2 and 3 days old) and adults (1 day old) were exposed to two MAs consisting of high CO2 and low O2 for the range of 2 to 104 h. Eggs, old larvae, and pupae were found to be the most tolerant. Adults were rather easily killed and young larvae were the most susceptible. Lethal exposure time (LT99) values were between 11.74 h and 128.97 h. CONCLUSION Modified atmospheres consisting of high CO2 and low O2 offer an affordable combination to control C. cautella effectively. From the perspective of economics and efficacy, 90% CO2 might be the concentration of choice. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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ÖZETBu çalışmada Türkiye'nin kuru incir sektöründe metil bromit alternatifi olarak fosfin gazının etkinliği laboratuvar koşullarında araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 15, 20, 25 o C sıcaklık ve % 75 orantılı nem koşullarında Carpophilus hemipterus'un 0-24, 24-48 ve 48-72 saat yaşlı pupalarına 2-24 saat arasında değişen sürelerde 200 ppm fosfin gazı uygulanmıştır. Uygulama 500 mL hacimli gaz yıkama şişelerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda elde edilen veriler probit analizine tabi tutularak LT 50 değerleri hesaplanmıştır. En yüksek LT 50 değeri yaklaşık 12 saat olarak 15 o C sıcaklıkta 0-24 saat yaşlı pupada tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda her 3 sıcaklıkta 0-24 saat yaşlı pupanın diğer pupalara göre daha dayanıklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sıcaklık artışı mutlak ölüm için gereken süreyi kısaltmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar fosfin gazının kuru incir sektöründe etkili olarak kullanımına ilişkin uygulama rehberi geliştirilmesine yönelik önemli bilgiler içermektedir. ABSTRACTThe efficacy of phosphine gas as an alternative to methyl bromide for the dried fig production in Turkey was evaluated under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, 0-24, 24-48 and 48-72 h old pupae of Carpophilus hemipterus were exposed to 200 ppm phosphine at 15, 20, 25 o C and 75% r.h. for 2-24 h of exposure periods. Phosphine treatments were performed in gas washing bottles of 500 mL-volume. The mortality rates for different exposure periods were subjected to probit analysis, and LT 50 values were calculated. The highest LT 50 value was recorded as to be 12 hours on 0-24 h-old

Development of the cultivated mushroom farming which began to be produced in the 1960s in Turkey, has been more faster in the Mediterranean region than other regions. The development of mushroom cultivation has began to seen Marmara and İç Anadolu regions in recent years. The mushroom production which is very important for human health and nutrition, has been changing year to year (sometimes increase, sometimes decrease) in the province of Ankara. The first private mushrrom cultivation company had been established in1963. Up to date, the number of private enterprises has changed over the years in Ankara. This study was carried out by doing a survey with an active 12 enterprises which the annual production capacity of 10-600 ton. The enterprises were visited and problems were determined during the cultivation. As a result of the study, It was observed that there are problems in production and marketing phases and with surface soil material

Hypercarbia-induced delay in the development of eggs was investigated in almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), using two controlled atmospheres (CAs), 85% CO2 + 3% O2 (balance N2) and 95% CO2 + 1% O2 (balance N2) between 2012 and 2014 in Stored Products Pests Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University. Eggs of E. cautella (1-3 day-old) were exposed to both CAs for a wide a range of exposure periods of up to 104 h at three temperatures of 20±1, 25±1 and 30±1°C at 65±5% RH. In general, both CAs caused delay in egg development by 1 to 8 d. Inhibitory effects were more pronounced at lower temperatures. A maximum delay of 8 d was recorded at 20°C for the three-day-old eggs exposed to 95% CO2 plus 1% O2 for 88 h. Short exposure periods caused short term delays in development. Four h exposure caused 1d delay in three-day-old eggs exposed to 95% CO2 plus 1% O2 at 25°C. In practice, total egg hatch including delays lasted 5 d at 30°C, 8 d at 25°C, and 12 d at 20°C, which must be taken into account for successful CAs applications.