Trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway are important contributors and regulators of stress responses in plants. Among recent findings for trehalose and its metabolism, the role of signalling in the regulation of growth and development and its potential for use as a storage energy source can be listed. The xerophytic plant Capparis ovata (caper) is well adapted to drought and high temperature stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean. The contribution of trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress responses and tolerance in C. ovata are not known. We investigated the effects of PEG-mediated drought stress in caper plants and analysed physiological parameters and trehalose biosynthetic pathway components, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), trehalase activity, trehalose and proline content in drought stress-treated and untreated plants. Our results indicated that trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway contributed to drought stress tolerance of C. ovata. Overall growth and leaf water status were not dramatically affected by drought, as both high relative growth rate and relative water content were recorded even after 14 days of drought stress. Trehalose accumulation increased in parallel to induced TPS and TPP activities and decreased trehalase activity in caper plants on day 14. Constitutive trehalose levels were 28.75 to 74.75 μg·g·FW(-1) , and drought stress significantly induced trehalose accumulation (385.25 μg·g·FW(-1) on day 14) in leaves of caper. On day 14 of drought, proline levels were lower than on day 7. Under drought stress the discrepancy between trehalose and proline accumulation trends might result from the mode of action of these osmoprotectant molecules in C. ovata.

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1 Gypsyness as a Building ABSTRACTThis study focuses on in the context of Gypsyness and in the reproduction of public space; stereotyping, stigmatization, prejudice, othering, exclusion, myths about gypsies, myths and myths. The study focuses on two groups of factors which are generally influential in the construction of the gypsy. In the first place there are proverbs, idioms, literary works and media, and myths and negative litanies that prepare various exclusion practices and Gypsies exclusive grounds in the construction of the Gypsy. Gypsyness is generally constructed within the framework of various exegesis practices, myths and negative myths. The Gypsies also play a role in the internalization of the prejudices towards the Gypsy by the Gypsies and in the reconstruction and reproduction of the Gypsy.Key Words: Gypsy, Gypsyness, Miyth, Stigmatization, Exclusion, Alienation, Disadvantage. GİRİŞÇingenelerin, yaklaşık 1000 yıl önce Hindistan'dan üç ayrı koldan başka coğrafyalara yayıl-dıkları, üç ana dilsel gruptan oluştukları (Dom-Lom-Rom) ve kültürlerini orijinal özellikleriyle büyük ölçüde korudukları genel kabul görmektedir. Kendi içlerinde büyük ölçüde homojen olan Çingenelerin, literatürdeki adlandırmaları çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu adlandırmalar, gerek Çingeneler gerekse Çingene olmayanlar tarafından geldikleri düşünülen yerler, yerleştikleri yerler, yaşam tarzları, kültürel özellikleri, meslekleri, dezavantajlılıkları, yabancılıkları gibi özelliklerine vurgu yapmak amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Ancak dünyanın her yerinde bu adların yüklü olduğu pejoratif (aşağılayıcı) anlamlar benzerdir.Çingeneler; göçebelikleri, bohem yaşamları, farklı davranış biçimleri ve fiziksel özellikleri ile genelde "marjinal" olarak nitelendirilir. Bu bağlamda tarihleri, dilleri, dinleri, meslekleri, farklı yaşam tarzları ve fiziksel özelliklerinden dolayı Çingenelere, sürekli merak ve kuşkuyla bakıl-mıştır. Nitekim bir yandan renkli, büyüleyici ve çekici tarafları dile getirtilirken, diğer yandan hor görülebilmekte, önyargılara maruz kalabilmekte ve hırsız, dilenci, uğursuz olarak etiketlendirilebilmektedirler. Bu damgalamalar sonucunda Çingene imgesi olumsuz kurulmaktadır.

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Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the spread of cells to other tissues and remains one of the worldwide problems waiting to be solved. There are various treatment strategies for cancer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, although it varies according to its type and stage. Many chemotherapeutic agents have limited clinical use due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability, or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high rate of clinical failure is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner and are not toxic to normal cells. Marine systems contain biodiversity, including components and materials that can be used in biomedical applications and therapy. Biomaterials such as chitin, chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, hyaluronan, agarose, and ulvan obtained from marine organisms have found use in DDSs today. These polysaccharides are biocompatible, non-toxic, biodegradable, and cost-effective, making them ideal raw materials for increasingly complex DDSs with a potentially regulated release. In this review, the contributions of polysaccharides from the marine environment to the development of anticancer drugs in DDSs will be discussed.