The digital culture created in the virtual space provides a more liberal and open environment for the people, with fewer restrictions from real life. The current research on virtual reality self-expression has mainly been discovered as an independent aspect of the real self. The chapter also analyzes the use and perceptions of virtual users in the virtual world by focusing on the construct that creates different virtual cultural experiences. For this purpose, the “Second Life” game, which provides a three-dimensional and online virtual environment modeled by the real world, is taken as an example. In the survey, we interviewed 10 people from Second Life to find answers to our questions. As a result of their work, Second Life plays a vital digital life in a dynamic digital culture that is different from their real lives in response to the question of how they build a world with communication, culture, identity and lifestyles.

It is accepted that the media plays an important role in raising awareness about the risks arising from natural disasters, developing social awareness and adopting ideal attitudes to minimize risk-related damage. For this reason, the media coverage of the earthquake, which poses a high and permanent risk for Turkey, has a special importance. In this study, this very special importance of the earthquake risk was focused and the analysis of TRT Haber, A Haber, CNN Türk, Habertürk and NTV television and radio channels were accepted as sampling areas. The news and similar program contents of these channels regarding the September 26, 2019 Istanbul and October 30, 2020 Izmir earthquakes were analysed with the Content Analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, and the framing paradigm, which is a functional tool for observing the effects desired to be created on the audience, that means a selective control process, and a theoretical basis was created for the study by linking it with risk communication. As a result of the analyses, a contradictory view emerged with the role and position of the traditional media in risk communication. In the analyses made according to the categories, it has been determined that the mainstream radio and television channels do not carry out any work in the context of risk communication and do not put the risks related to disasters on their agenda before disasters occur. According to the findings, radio and television channels, as traditional communication tools, do not give due importance to risk communication, do not fulfil their "illumination and informing" functions in the context of "risk and disaster", and do not exhibit a proactive attitude that requires the necessary warnings to be circulated before disasters occur. In addition, instead of preparing the public against risks as a requirement of the function of informing the public, with a proactive approach, they display a publishing understanding and practice based on intense dramatization and overly storification about what happened after each disaster.

İnternetin teknik imkânları medya ve haber pratiklerini dönüştürmüş, internete erişimin ve internetin haber kaynağı olarak kullanımının yaygınlaşması internet haberciliğinin önemini artırmıştır. Depreme ilişkin risklerin farkına varılmasında, olası krizlerin hasarlarının azaltılması ve önlenmesine yönelik ideal tutumların benimsenmesinde, medyanın önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda toplumun öncelikli haber ve bilgi edinme kaynaklarından biri olarak internet haber medyası, risk iletişimi açısından da oldukça önemli ve dikkat çekici bir konumda bulunmaktadır. İnternetin hız, anındalık, etkileşim ve multimedya gibi nitelikleri, etkin risk iletişimi açısından internet haberciliğini ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Dolayısıyla internet haber medyasının depreme ilişkin haberleri nasıl ele aldığı, olası krizleri önlemek ve zararlarını azaltmak amacına yönelik risk iletişimi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toplumun öncelikli haber ve bilgi edinme kaynaklarından biri olarak internet haber medyasının depreme ilişkin haberleri nasıl ele aldığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Türkiye için önemli bir risk unsuru olan deprem riski bağlamında, internet haber sitelerinin depreme ilişkin konuları haberleştirme pratiklerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. İnternet haber medyasının depreme ilişkin haberleri nasıl ele aldığının belirlenmesi, etkili bir risk iletişimi sürecinin anlaşılması ve ortaya konması için önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla, belirlenen internet haber sitelerinin İstanbul ve İzmir depremleri öncesindeki bir aylık zaman dilimi ile sonrasındaki bir aylık zaman diliminde yayınladıkları deprem haberleri nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi tekniği ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, medyanın konuya ilgisinin özellikle depremler meydana geldikten sonra arttığı ve internet haber medyasının depreme yönelik risk iletişimi açısından yeterli ve anlamlı düzeyde bir haberleştirme yapmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca depremlerin etkileri ile medyanın depremi haberleştirme sıklığı arasında doğrusal bir ilişki olduğu da tespit edilmiştir.

Orientalism is a form of marginalization that constitutes the thinking system of Western civilizations. The question of how the East is represented can be answered with series that have a global impact. In this study, the Messiah series, which is a digital television platform Netflix series that continues its broadcasting activities on a global scale, is discussed. The Messiah series is an American-made series that draws the attention of the people of three great religions, which is about the belief that the prophet Jesus will return and save the world. Orientalist ideologies are presented in the series. It has been evaluated in terms of narrative structure, fiction, characters, and space. For this purpose, the chapter discusses the orientalism fiction and othering discourses in the series with the literature review method by considering the representation of the East in the series with its general framework.

The media, which plays an important role in shaping citizens' knowledge of natural disasters and perceptions of risk, is an integral part of risk and disaster management. Risk communication activities carried out through the media concerning earthquakes, -which are one of the highest risk factors that Turkey is exposed to- determine the nature of important social and communicative processes. The fact that the news media is among the main sources of reference for risk information requires an investigation of the media as a means of risk communication. Based on this perspective, in this study content analysis was applied to Istanbul and Izmir earthquake news through the sample of Sabah, Hürriyet, Sözcü, Posta, Milliyet and Türkiye newspapers with the highest circulation based on the data of the Basın İlan Kurumu (Press Advertising Agency) (2021). Within the scope of the study, qualitative research was carried out between the time period when the earthquake was not on the country's agenda and the periods when the disaster occurred and took an important place on the agenda. The study found out that, the media directed almost all of its attention to the earthquake only after the occurrence of it. In addition, the actors who gave explanations and information about the earthquake varied according to the social effects of the earthquake. In the context of risk management, it has been also concluded that the forms of news about earthquakes have similar frameworks.