Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tentang alat permainan edukatif berbahan limbah dalam meningkatkan kecerdasan kognitif pada anak usia dini di Raudlatul Athfal (RA) Tania, Paiton, Probolinggo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif jenis studi kasus. Guna mendapatkan gambaran tentang alat permainan edukatif berbahan limbah dalam mencerdaskan kognitif pada anak usia dini, peneliti berbaur langsung dalam pembuatan alatnya dan melakukan observasi dan mendokumentasikan aktivitas pembelajaran di lembaga tersebut. Interview dilakukan terhadap kepala sekolah dan guru di Raudlatul Athfal (RA) Tania. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi guru dalam meningkatkan kecerdasan kognitif anak usia dini melalui alat permainan edukatif berbahan limbah dilakukan melalui; kegiatan persiapan, penyajian materi, menghubungkan, menyimpulkan, dan mengaplikasikan media dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa guru harus memiliki inovasi dan kreatifitas dalam mengelola pembelajarannya sesuai dengan target yang ditentukannya, agar supaya mampu membangkitkan motivasi dan kecerdasan peserta didik secara totalitas.

Cognitive intelligence has a vital role in children's growth and development to solve remembering, logical thinking, and symbolic thinking activities. This study aim to explore how the implementation of in improving early childhood cognitive intelligence in RA Tania, Paiton, Probolinggo?. This research uses a qualitative case study approach. Researchers conducted observations and interviews with principals, teachers, students, and guardians of students. The data analysis technique is carried out in stages, including data presentation, data reduction, and concluding. The results showed that literacy management in improving early childhood cognitive intelligence was carried out through; identification of needs, implementation of literacy management, evaluation, and a tiered plan. This study implies that literacy management can increase interest in reading and writing and an understanding of simple problem-solving in early childhood

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis literasi sains untuk siswa sekolah dasar. Uji coba produk dilakukan menggunakan pretes-postes one group design melalui dua tahap, yaitu uji skala terbatas dan luas. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan deskriptif persentase, analisis respons, dan uji N-gain. Hasil uji validasi terhadap kelayakan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis literasi sains berada pada kategori “sangat layak” dengan skor 88,40%. Pada uji skala terbatas, siswa memperoleh skor  89,12 ˃ 75,00 berdasarkan hasil praktikum, skor 82,63 ˃ 65,00 berdasarkan nilai belajar, N-gain skor sebesar 0,67 ˃ 0,30, kemampuan literasi sains 11,60 ˃ 11,00 poin masuk dalam kategori level 2, dan Aktif dalam proses pembelajaran dengan skor 2,93 ˃ 2,51. Pada uji skala luas siswa memperoleh   skor  93,04 ˃ 75,00 pada hasil praktikum,    skor 86,37 ˃ 65,00 pada nilai belajar, N-gain skor sebesar 0,69 ˃ 0,30, kemampuan literasi sains 19,92 ˃ 11,00 poin masuk dalam kategori level 2, dan sangat aktif dalam proses pembelajaran dengan skor 3,48 ˃ 2,51. Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut, penerapan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis literasi sains efektif dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan pembelajaran skala terbatas dan luas. Hasil uji kepraktisan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis literasi sains berada pada kategori praktis dengan respons positif 86,75% untuk uji skala terbatas dan 87,88% untuk uji skala luas. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa, pembelajaran materi benda dan sifatnya dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran IPA berbasis literasi sains di SD efektif dan praktis.Kata Kunci: Media Pembelajaran IPA, Literasi Sains

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Background Klinefelter syndrome is a common chromosomal (aneuploidy) disorder associated with an extra X chromosome in males. Regardless of numerous studies dedicated to somatic gonosomal mosaicism, Klinefelter syndrome mosaicism (KSM) has not been systematically addressed in clinical cohorts. Here, we report on the evaluation of KSM in a large cohort of boys with neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, these data have been used for an extension of the hypothesis, which we have recently proposed in a report on Turner’s syndrome mosaicism in girls with neurodevelopmental disorders. Results Klinefelter syndrome-associated karyotypes were revealed in 49 (1.1%) of 4535 boys. Twenty one boys (0.5%) were non-mosaic 47,XXY individuals. KSM was found in 28 cases (0.6%) and manifested as mosaic aneuploidy (50,XXXXXY; 49,XXXXY; 48,XXXY; 48,XXYY; 47,XXY; and 45,X were detected in addition to 47,XXY/46,XY) and mosaic supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome X (ring chromosomes X and rearranged chromosomes X). It is noteworthy that KSM was concomitant with Rett-syndrome-like phenotypes caused by MECP2 mutations in 5 boys (0.1%). Conclusion Our study provides data on the occurrence of KSM in neurodevelopmental disorders among males. Accordingly, it is proposed that KSM may be a possible element of pathogenic cascades in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. These observations allowed us to extend the hypothesis proposed in our previous report on the contribution of somatic gonosomal mosaicism (Turner’s syndrome mosaicism) to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, it seems to be important to monitor KSM (a possible risk factor or a biomarker for adult-onset multifactorial brain diseases) and analysis of neuromarkers for aging in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome. Cases of two or more supernumerary chromosomes X were all associated with KSM. Finally, Rett syndrome-like phenotypes associated with KSM appear to be more common in males with neurodevelopmental disorders than previously recognized.