Background: Rapidly growing Mycobacteria are increasingly recognized, nowadays as an important pathogen that can cause wide range of clinical syndromes in humans. We herein describe unrelated cases of surgical site infection caused by Rapidly growing Mycobacteria (RGM), seen during a period of 12 months. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients underwent operationsby different surgical teams located in diverse sections of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Karnataka, India. All patients presented with painful, draining subcutaneous nodules at the infection sites. Purulent material specimens were sent to the microbiology laboratory. Gram stain and Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods were used for direct examination. Culture media included blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, Sabourauds agar and Lowenstein-Jensen medium for Mycobacteria. Isolated microorganisms were identified and further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by standard microbiologic procedures.

Background. Duodenum is the second most common site of diverticula after the colon. Diagnosis of duodenal diverticula is incidental and found during other therapeutic procedures. In 90% of cases, they are asymptomatic, and less than 10% develop clinical symptoms. The difficulty to ascertain the true incidence of duodenal diverticula demanded for the present study to elucidate the prevalence of the duodenal diverticulum in South Indians. Materials and Methods. One hundred and twenty specimens of duodenum were utilized for the study. The prevalence, anatomical location, and dimension of duodenal diverticulum were studied. Results. Among the 120 specimens of duodenum, five specimens had solitary, extraluminal, and globular-shaped diverticula in the medial wall of the duodenum. In three (60%) cases, it was found in the second part of duodenum and in two (40%) cases in the third part. The mean size of the diverticula was 1.4 cm. Conclusion. In the present study in South Indian people, the prevalence (4.2%) of duodenal diverticula is low comparable to other studies in the literature. Even though most of the duodenal diverticula are asymptomatic, the knowledge about its frequency and location is of great importance to prevent complications like diverticulitis, hemorrhage, obstructive jaundice, and perforation.

We report a rare combination of variations in the upper limb of a human cadaver. Accessory flexor carpi ulnaris with absent palmaris longus was observed in the left forearm during routine dissection of a male cadaver. Variant vascular pattern was observed bilaterally. Brachial artery bifurcated at a higher level. Ulnar artery gave rise to persistent median artery (PMA) which pierced the median nerve and accompanied it deep into flexor retinaculum to terminate as two common palmar digital arteries. Superficial palmar arch was not formed as the PMA did not anastomose with either the radial or ulnar artery. Radial artery was small and deep palmar arch was mainly contributed by the deep branch of ulnar artery. Awareness of these coexistent variations in the forearm and hand is anatomically as well as clinically important in reconstructive hand surgeries.

Introduction:To determine the incidence and gross morphology of additional head of biceps brachii in the Indian population, and to note concurrent musculocutaneous nerve variations. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twenty upper limbs (males-100, females-20) from 60 formalin-embalmed cadavers were utilized for the study. Results: The additional heads were found in 11 cadavers. Third head was present in 16.6% and fourth head in 1.7%. The variation was unilateral in 72.7% and bilateral in 27.3% cadavers. Out of 120 limbs, 14 had additional head, and 71.4% of these were left-sided. In 73.3%, additional head joined with tendon and with the belly of BB in 26.7%. Three types of origin: anterolateral, posteromedial and high humeral were observed in 60%, 26.7% and 13.3%, respectively. The additional muscle was 11.7 ± 3.9 cm in length. The mean length on the right and left sides was 9.8 ± 3.3 cm and 12.4 ± 3.9 cm, respectively. Incidence of concurrent additional head and musculocutaneous variations was 42.8%. The nerve variations were unilateral with 80% on the left, and ipsilateral to additional muscle. Conclusion: The incidence of additional head in biceps brachii is 18.3% in the Indian population. Most common presentation is of a left-sided third head, and musculocutaneous variants occur on the same side as additional muscle. Presence of extra head should be considered during the analysis of the diagnostic scans, and awareness of the associated musculocutaneous nerve variations would be helpful in avoiding complications during surgical interventions.

An accessory muscle was observed in left upper limb of a 50-yearold male cadaver during routine undergraduate dissection class. This muscle was seen in arm, proximal to the humeral head of pronator teres and eventually fusing with it distally. It was subsequently identified as the accessory humeral head of pronator teres.