Affinity chromatography using patient-derived mAbs identifies relevant autoantigens in patients with IgG-RD. IgG galectin-3 autoantibodies are present in a subset of patients with IgG-RD and correlate with galectin-3 plasma levels. The marked increases in levels of circulating IgG and IgE observed clinically are, at least in part, caused by the development of IgG- and IgE-specific autoantibody responses.

Background: Knowledge plays a vital role in influencing the behavior and practices of individuals. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. Our objective is to identify the extent of awareness about TB among King Saud University students, and to compare knowledge about tuberculosis amongst different University tracks. Methods: This study was conducted using a crosssectional approach including 530 students in three different academic tracks: Health, Scientific, and Humanitarian tracks. For data collection, a structured questionnaire was developed through revision of the literature which contained three different parts; demographic data of subjects, knowledge about TB and attitude toward TB. Results: The established scoring system revealed a poor grade of knowledge at 51.4%. Tuberculosis knowledge was significantly higher amongst the track of Health colleges (46.7% compared with 27.2% for the track of Science and 26% for the track of Humanitarian studies). However, some of the issues were answered fittingly in higher magnitude by the two other non-health tracks; there was no significant difference in gender-specific awareness level (48% for both). Conclusion: Although the Health track has better knowledge in general (46.7%), the level of awareness of Tuberculosis is poor among King Saud University students. Moreover, the level of awareness differs among the three tracks, which are health, humanitarian, and science. The health track showed the highest level of awareness.

Background Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation that affects populations globally and can adversely affect quality of life. Topical therapies—including hydroquinone and nonhydroquinone‐containing formulations—play a central role in the management of melasma. Methods A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Search keywords included a combination of the following: “melasma,” “chloasma,” and “topical treatment.” We identified and included seminal and high‐quality peer‐reviewed publications, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, case series, case reports, consensus statements, and expert opinions. Results Topical therapies are widely used for the treatment of melasma. Triple combination cream containing hydroquinone, fluocinolone, and tretinoin is the most studied formulation with the strongest evidence among treatment options. Numerous other prescription‐based and nonprescription topical agents, including a growing list of cosmeceuticals, have been used in the treatment of melasma, albeit in smaller studies. Conclusion A growing range of topical agents is available for the treatment of melasma. While larger, more robust studies are warranted, nonhydroquinone cosmeceuticals may be useful adjuncts or alternatives to the gold standard of triple‐combination hydroquinone cream.