IntroductionGoji berry is the common name of the species Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, and Lycium ruthenicum, belonging to the genus Lycium of the family Solanaceae, and it is known to occur more often in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Levin and Miller, 2005). The plant is common in Mongolia, the Himalayas, western China, and Tibet (Bucheli et al., 2011), where it occurs in arid, semiarid, and slightly semisaline regions (Fukuda et al., 2001).Worldwide, goji berry is also known as wolfberry. While Lycium ruthenicum has small black berries, Lycium barbarum has various colored berries, ranging from orange to dark red. These 2 species are cultivated commercially, with studies having been conducted more often on Lycium barbarum. Goji berry is a bush-type perennial plant, which is highly tolerant to climatic and environmental conditions, that is able to uptake necessary nutrients and water from the soil due to its advanced root system. Although Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum have similar morphological properties, specific morphological properties are obviously characteristic in distinguishing these 2 species (Wang et al., 2015).In Lycium barbarum, the leaves are long and elliptical, pedicel is 1-2 cm long, calyx usually has 2 lobes that are 2-or 3-ribbed at the end, corolla tube is 8-10 mm long and longer than the lobes, and the berries are red or orange, yellow, rectangular, and oval. There are usually between 4 and 20 brown or yellow seeds per berry. Lycium ruthenicum is bushy like Lycium barbarum and it is rather branched. Leaves are fleshy, linear, or slightly cylindrical. Calyx is dispersed with 2-4 lobes, pedicel is 5-10 mm long, berries are spherical purple and black, sometimes its head or edge is notched, and the seeds are especially brown (Mi et al., 2015).Goji berry plants are highly tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and grow at different altitudes ranging from 700 to 2700 m. In China, the plant is very popular and it has been consumed as a food for centuries due to its many benefits for health and its effect on longevity (Gündüz et al., 2015).The berries, harvested from the beginning of summer to the end of autumn, are consumed either fresh or dried (Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011; Gundogdu et al., 2018). More recently, studies on the goji berries of the species Lycium have focused on potential health-benefitting Abstract: Goji berry is a lesser-known fruit species and its berries have been used in traditional medicine for centuries as remedies to treat eye, liver, and kidney ailments, as well as for the prevention of cancer symptoms due to its high phytochemical content. This study aimed to investigate changes in the pomological, biochemical, and phytochemical properties of the berries of 4 goji berry genotypes harvested during 4 months (June, July, August, and September) of the same year. The results indicated that the highest berry dimensions (height and width) and soluble solid content were obtained from Genotype 2, harvested in June. The vitamin C, total phenolic, an...

Rosehip, Rosa canina L. fruit, is valued for its flavor, taste, color and aroma, in accordance with its recognition as one of richest sources of pro-health compounds. Screening, preservation and propagation of the most valuable local populations of rosehip are performed for food, pharmacological, and cosmetic applications. Eleven native R. canina genotypes from the Interior Aegean region, Turkey, were collected and analyzed regarding organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, and DPPH scavenging activity within this study. Regarding biochemical profile of fruits, protocatechuic acid and quercitrin were the most dominant compounds among 12 identified phenolics. The dominant organic acids were malic and citric and fructose and glucose

In recent times, pomegranate has been one of Turkey's most important commercial fruit crops for consumption and export. In this study, the chemical composition of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits grown in the central area of Bitlis province (Eastern Turkey) was investigated. For this purpose, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity and minerals content were evaluated. The highest total phenolic contents were determined in 13BIT1 (6477.78 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g-1 fresh matter). The highest ascorbic acid was determined in 13BIT2 of pomegranate genotype (60.78 mg 100 g-1). Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were determined between 13BIT18 (78.15) to 13BIT1 (31.49). Total anthocyanin of genotypes was measured between 13BIT19 (156.03) to 13BIT17 (55.37), respectively. The highest mineral compositions of the pomegranate genotypes were 998.00% N, 301.00 mg 100 g-1 P, 1708.61 mg 100 g-1 K, 55.21 mg 100 g-1 Ca, 116.79 mg 100 g-1 Mg, 5.1 mg 100 g-1 Fe, 1.91 mg 100 g-1 Cu, 0.41 mg 100 g-1 Mn and 1.20 mg 100 g-1 Zn, respectively. The results indicate that pomegranate genotypes have an important value of health and nutrition for the human.

This study was carried out on 1-year old trees of ‘0900 Ziraat’ variety grafted onto ‘Kuş kirazi’, ‘Kara idris’, ‘Sari idris’, ‘MaxMa 14’, ‘MaxMa 60’ and ‘Gisela 5’ in order to determine their compatibility. For this purpose, total peroxidase activity was determined by spectrophotomery assay. Taking ground tissue samples were planned three times as before the grafting (beginning), and then 8 and 12 months after grafting. Total peroxidase activities of rootstocks before grafting varied between 10.80 ΔAg.min. (‘Kuş kirazi’) and 7.83 ΔAg.min. (‘Kara idris’) and were found to be statistically important. The peroxidase activity of ‘0900 Ziraat’ was 11.07ΔAg.min. and the closest value occurred in Prunus avium rootstock. The most different values occurred in rootstocks of ‘Kara idris’ and ‘Gisela 5’. The results showed that peroxidase activity increased in rootstock and graft scion. This increase had higher values in heterogenetic combinations especially in ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Gisela 5’ and ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Kara idris’ grafts. Peroxidase activity was decreased at the 12th month for all combinations. The highest value was obtained from ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘MaxMa 14’ combinaion with 29.17 ΔAg.min. while lowest one was ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Kuş kirazi’ with 17.39. The findings showed that peroxidase activity could be used as a parameter in early determination of graft incompatibility.

This study aimed to identify the association between exposure to mobbing and musculoskeletal discomfort in academicians. One hundred academicians working at a university were included in the study. Permission was granted by the Rector prior to the study and questionnaires were delivered to the academicians. The Turkish version of the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT) was used to evaluate mobbing and the Turkish version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal discomfort. When the data were analyzed, a moderate association was found between mobbing perceived by the academic staff and musculoskeletal discomfort. In conclusion, this study showed that mobbing is a risk factor for musculoskeletal discomfort.