Background: Coronavirus, which causes respiratory illness, has been a public health issue in recent decades. Because the clinical symptoms of infection are not always specific, it is difficult to expose all suspects to qualitative testing in order to confirm or rule out infection as a test. Methods: According to the scientific studies and investigations, seventy-three results of scientific articles and research  were obtained using PubMed, Medline, Research gate and Google Scholar. The research keywords used were COVID-19, coronavirus, blood parameters, and saliva. Results: This review provides a report on the changes in the blood and saliva tests of those who are infected with the COVID-19.COVID-19 is a systemic infection that has a substantial influence on the hematological system and hemostasis, thus deviations from normal levels of laboratory tests, including the blood and saliva test show that specific testing for detecting COVID-19 infection is required. Conclusions: The blood and saliva tests aid in the clinical monitoring of the patient's health.  It has advantages such as the following: it has non-invasive properties, low cost, and good stability, addition to minimum risk of infection transport.

Nanoparticles has many properties, especially in treatment of medical field, but the controversy continues about their cytotoxicity. Hence, this research was conducted to estimate the concentration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in tumor and other organs such as kidney, liver, and spleen after injection GNPs by two routes, intratumor and intraperitoneal to compare between two methods in mice implanted with mammary adenocarcinoma for 28 days. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to measure the GNPs concentrations. The results revealed that the GNPs concentrations were significantly (P≤0.05) increased (3.75±1.75, 2.42 ±0.31 ppm) in kidney tissue after intratumor and intraperitoneal administration, respectively, when compared to the other organs (liver and spleen), followed by tumor mass (2.66±0.01, 1.09 ±0.06 ppm) in tissue. While the concentrations of GNPs in spleen and liver were (1.40 ±0.33, 0.726 ±0.01) and (0.602 ±0.03, 0.517 ±0.02) after intratumor and intraperitoneal administration respectively. Also, the experiment showed that the injection by intratumor was more efficient than intraperitonial method for tumor treatment, so, the nanoparticles were cleared by responsible lymphoid organs of body.

Potential health and environmental effects of nanoparticles need to be thoroughly assessed before their widespread commercialization.The present investigation was planned with the aims to determine the effects of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) onblast (BI) and mitotic (MI) indices of cultured lymphocytes. The results revealed that BI (50.3 ± 2.3, 30.2 ± 1.9, 10.5 ± 0.7 and0.0%, respectively) and MI (70.1 ± 2.9, 20.4 ± 1.1, 5.3 ± 0.1 and 0.0%, respectively) showed a gradual decreased percentageas the concentration of GNPs was increased from 0.085 to 0.66 μg/mL, and the difference was significant compared to controlculture (81.6 ± 2.5 and 90.2 ± 3.7%, respectively). A maximum inhibition of BI and MI was occurred at the concentration 0.66μg/mL. In conclusion, GNPs can be considered as a growth inhibiting agent, but it is too early to reach a final conclusion inthis regard and further investigations are required to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms involved in inhibiting the mitoticactivity of lymphocytes.Key word: gold nanoparticles, mitotic index, blast index, lymphocytes

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral mucosa. Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus cause a broad scope of diseases from benign to invasive tumors, types 16 and 18 classified as carcinogenic to humans. This study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of HPV types in Iraq. Thirty-five unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from histopathologically confirmed patients with oral cancer were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from exfoliating cells to amplify HPV-DNA using HPV-L1 gene sequence primers by polymerase chain reaction method (PCR), the viral genotyping was performed using direct sequencing method. HPV genotypes identified were deposited in GenBank. HPV DNA was detected in 20 of 35 OSCC patients representing (57%).The most frequent HPV genotypes were HPV-18 accounting for (75%) (15 out of 20 patients) followed by HPV-16 accounting for (20%) (4 out of 20), and HPV-11 accounting for (5%) (5 out of 20 patients). This study highlights the high-risk HPV genotypes in OSCC patients and their phylogenetic analysis tree and their homology to the ancestral sequence which may indicate emerging of a new biological entity of HPV-positive OSCC with a potential sexually transmission.