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Background Cephalic index (CI) is one of the important anthropometric parameters to determine racial variation.  Studies done in Nepal has made a comparison of cephalic index for castes (Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar), races (Mongoloids and Aryans) but lacks sex variation. The objective of this study was to find the difference in the cephalic index between two genders and to find the sequence of most predominant to least common head type in different genders among the Medical Students of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital (BMCTH). Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in the department of Anatomy of BMCTH from 1 July 2019 to 1 September 2019 comprising of 256 medical students (133 male and 123 female) aged between 18 to 24 years. Head length, head breadth and cephalic index were the variables measured using standard devices and techniques. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Results The mean cephalic index in male and female is found to be 81.41 ± 4.52 and 83.62 ± 4.08 respectively. Statistically significant difference found between gender in terms of head length males (18.78±0.69) and females (17.71 ± 0.60); head breadth males (15.28 ±0.62) and females (14.79 ±0.57). The mean cephalic index in males is 81.41 ± 4.52 varying from 69.31 to 94.48. In females, the cephalic index varied from 74.74 to 93.14 and the mean cephalic index is 83.62 ± 4.08. The difference between male and female cephalic index is found to be statistically significant. Majority (43.75%) had Brachycephalic head (CI>79.9) followed by Hyperbrachycephalic (26.95%), Mesocephalic (25.39%), and Dolicocephalic (3.90%). Conclusion Cephalic index is significantly high in female as compared to male whereas head length and breadth are significantly high in males than females. It confirms sexual dimorphism exists. Brachycephalic is the commonest head type.

Introduction: Most people want to live up to old age with no pain and sufferings. This study is meant to know the opinion of doctors and nursing professionals regarding euthanasia which is an important component for practising euthanasia in Nepal, which is a debated topic in the whole world and Nepal is no exception.Methods: A descriptive study design was used to conduct this study. ATE scale was used which includes ten questionnaires.Results: The ATE scale used in this study showed to have internal consistency, with Cronbach alpha at 0.736. Men were found to be more supportive of Euthanasia.Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests that health professionals from Pokhara have a positive attitude towards Euthanasia with patients request taken as more important.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous polygenic metabolic disease condition that is caused by insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. Since, T2DM is genetically inherited and autonomic dysfunction is its major complications, healthy offsprings of diabetic parents are highly vulnerable to manifest dysautonomia leading to insulin resistance. Objectives: We aimed to assess cardiac autonomic function using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in healthy offsprings having parental history of T2DM. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in the laboratory of department of Physiology enrolling 30 healthy offsprings of non-diabetic parents (Group 1) and 30 healthy offsprings of diabetic parents (Group 2). Anthropometric, biochemical and cardiovascular variables were assessed using standard procedures. Time domain and frequency domain parameters of HRV spectrum were assessed using photoplethysmography principle. Results: HRV findings revealed that markers of sympathetic regulation were significantly higher and those of parasympathetic function were significantly reduced in subject group having parental history of T2DM. LF/HF ratio was significantly increased suggesting sympatho-vagal imbalance in offspring of diabetic parents even in their euglycemic state. Conclusion:  Alteration of cardiovascular autonomic function is found in healthy offspring of diabetic parents, characterized by reduced vagal activity and pronounced sympathetic regulation. Assessment of cardiac autonomic function would help in timely detection of such dysautonomia and reducing the life-threatening effects on offspring having parental history of T2DM.

Introduction: Sexual dimorphism refers to differences in size, stature and appearance between male and female. It is a known fact that tooth crown is formed to full size in childhood even before eruption into oral cavity. The shape and size of the teeth permits an interesting dimension of study for sexual dimorphism, we aimed to delineate the sexual dimorphism by measuring the mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) diameters of permanent maxillary first molar in Nepalese population of Eastern Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual dimorphism in maxillary first molar among Nepalese population of eastern Nepal Methodology: 100 participants of either sex (50 males & 50 females) aged between 17 to 25 years were enrolled in the study. After thorough dental examination, impression of the maxillary arch was made and MD diameter and BL diameters were measured with the help of vernier caliper. A P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Sexual dimorphism was found in MD and BL diameters of maxillary first molar in males measuring higher than females. Right mesiodistal showed the highest sexual dimorphism, whereas right buccolingual showed the least. Conclusions: This study confirms that permanent maxillary first molar shows significant sexual dimorphism, out of which mesiodistal measurement stands out to be the best parameter in Nepalese population of Eastern region.