Clinical profiles, serological markers, and antibody responses to antigens of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied in patients with fulminant viral hepatitis. Whereas hepatitis A and B were found to be uncommon causes (6.9% and 12.2%, respectively), non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis was found to be the most common cause of fulminant hepatitis (80.9%). As against this, the incidence of hepatitis B and NANB hepatitis was very similar in nonfulminant acute viral hepatitis in adults (41.2% and 51.9%, respectively). Pregnancy with labour was an important precipitating factor for development of fulminant hepatitis of the NANB type only; 32% of fulminant NANB hepatitis patients were pregnant women and 22.6% had a history of labour preceding hepatic coma. Only 0.8% of nonfulminant NANB hepatitis cases were pregnant women. Another major precipitating factor for the development of the fulminant form of NANB hepatitis was concomitant chronic HBV carrier state. A total of 38.6% of fulminant NANB hepatitis patients were HBV carriers, whereas only 19.2% of nonfulminant acute NANB hepatitis cases were HBV carriers. Sera of 32 chronic HBV carriers with fulminant NANB hepatitis and 10 cases of fulminant hepatitis B were tested for delta antibody, and all were nonreactive. The antibody responses of the fulminant hepatitis B patients to the antigens of HBV were found to be greater compared to those of patients with nonfulminant acute hepatitis B. Antibody responses of chronic HBV carriers with fulminant NANB hepatitis to antigens of HBV were found to be depressed in comparison with those of chronic asymptomatic carriers.

Our current study was conducted on the Prevalence of VDRL, MP and Blood grouping of Human blood donors in University of Swat. The aim and objective of our current study is to determine the prevalence of VDRL and MP and distribution of blood groups among males, district Swat. For this purpose, A totals of 65 blood donors' were screened for the above disease, out of which, 24 collected from Al-Fajar Foundation, Gulkada and 41 from Frontier Foundation, Mingora. The results shows that the donors were non-reactive for VDRL and MP whereas the ABO blood groups distribution among males, were 32.30%, was group A, 35.30% was group B, 10.7% AB and 21.50% were O. The prevalence of A+ blood group were 32.3%, B+ blood group were 32.3%, O+ blood group were 21.5%, AB+ blood group were 9.23%, AB-blood group were 1.53% and the O-and A-blood groups were not found among male blood donors. This study concludes that, there are no reactive or positive cases of VDRL and MP among male blood donors, so that's why there is no prevalence of VDRL and MP among male blood donors of the District Swat, and the A+ (32.3%) and B+ (32.3%) blood groups are very common in the swat and the blood group O-and A-are very rare.

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