The main objective of this study is to empirically test whether there exist short run and long run causality between, residential electricity consumption (REC), industrial electricity consumption (IEC) and economic growth in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Time series data for this study spans from 1990 to 2019. The study adopts granger causality and co. Integration analysis to estimate a vector error correction model (VECM). Results from error correction model show that there exist long run co. integration relationship between targeted variables. In addition, VECM results indicates that, industrial electricity consumption is inelastic to the changes in electricity prices with respect to economic growth, while residential electricity consumption shows elastic relationship. Granger causality test indicates there is unidirectional relationship, running from economic growth to industrial electricity consumption, which lead to accept, proactive (conservative) hypothesis. In this case, energy conservative policy will have little or no effect on economic growth. Nevertheless, results proof acceptance of neutrality hypothesis in the case of residential electricity consumption and economic growth. The study therefore, recommends that in Saudi Arabia, policy makers should consider expanding their energy-mix alternatives, in order to cope with the future industrial electricity demand arising from increased economic growth.

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We analyze the impact of fiscal policy shocks on official and parallel exchange rates in Sudan under two extreme circumstances over the period1997-2017, using standard structural VAR framework, supported by Impulse Response Function IRFs to investigate the performance and transitory shocks on exchange rate systems, at first the stationary of the variables is obtained to avoid the specious of the model. The result of long run analysis shows that lag fiscal policy expressed by LGt; lag official exchange rate (Loexrt) and lag economic openness( Leopent) have significant positive impact on parallel exchange rate , on the other hand lag Gross Domestic Product(LGDPt) and LGt variables shows significant impact on official exchange rate, with respect to IRFs, the shock of fiscal policy on Loext only significant in the short run; while in the long run it deserve no effect, hence South Sudan referendum shows negative impact on LGt, which mean that Sudanese government fiscal policies did not achieved the targeted objectives, concerning US economic sanction results indicates that it is one of the main factors of parallel exchange rate volatility and encouragement of black market of foreign currencies. The study recommend the important of a comprehensive packages of fiscal and monetary policies; unification of multi-exchange rate system; rationalize taxes and duties to combat smuggling and the need to increase exports and encouraging inflow of remittances of Sudanese working abroad.