Background: In Pakistan Plasmodium falciparum has been on the rise over the last few decades. Objective: This study primarily focused upon finding out the prevalent occurrence of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum in Pakistan. Methodology: This research analyzed different variables related to the respondents (n=209) of the study. The variables included age, occupation, education, patient’s visit to the hospital, transmission of malaria, prior treatment of the patient (if any), usage of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), hygienic/unhygienic conditions and insecticidal spraying. Investigative analysis was purely based upon a questionnaire followed by the fundamental microscopic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for assessing the disease index. Results: The results indicated that out of 209 respondents of the study, 100% tested positive for malaria whereas, only 179 (85.6%) cases were confirmed via PCR analysis and were chosen for further investigations. Males (67%) were found to be more prone for malarial infection. Respondents in the age group of 26 to 35 years were the most (43.5%) vulnerable to this infection. 32.9% laborers, as compared to any other occupation affected by plasmodium. About 77.6% of people had already been infected by malaria and were treated, but only 14.5 % people visited the hospital. In addition to this, merely 12.2% respondents had used LLINs and 2.23% of them had utilized insecticidal spray. Conclusion: Lack of awareness, selfmedication, unhygienic environment, unemployment, and political instability contributed to malarial transmissions. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Pakistan, Microscopy, PCR.

Background: Thalassemia, the most common heterogeneous single gene disorder causing sever genetic health problem in the world. In 1932 George and William gave it the name thalassemia derived from Greek words (“thallassa: mean sea) and (“aima: mean blood). The research was conducted on thalassemia minor patients in North Waziristan and some selected areas of Peshawar Khyber pakhtunkhwa. Methods: During this survey 100 thalassemia minor patients were interviewed belonging to different castes. It was observed that majority of the patients were from the age group 1-10 years both in male asn females. Different ethnic groups were interviewed such as Yousafzai, Halimzai, Dawar, Wazir, Noor khel, Musazai, Saidan, Miserkhal, Afridi, Miagan, and Afghan. Results: The most of the thalassemia minor patients belonged to rural area (62.4 %) while 36.6% patients were reported from urban area. The maximum number of thalassemia minor patients belonged to lower class which was reported 47% followed by middle class (35%) and rich people (18%). The parents of 64 patients were cousin while the parents of 36 patients had marriage out of the family. The birth abnormalities were also recorded and observed as abortion (30%), delay birth (23%), still birth (13%) and premature birth (17%). During this study it was observed that majority of the patients were of the moderate body status (54.5%) Interestingly the ratio of obese people was very low. While the ratio of thin people was 39.4%. The physical abnormalities found in thalassemia minor patients included eye, skin, ear, mental and bone and joint abnormalities. the people having the age from 1-10 have an average HB level of 9.45 g/dl while those having age of 41-60 have an average HB level of 11.58 g/dl. The physical infections also reported such as eye infection (39%), GIT infection (20%), Lung infection, Skin infection (16%), UTI (7%) and Ear infection (2%). Conclusion: This study provides an insight in to the mechanism of transmission of thalassemia in the family and suggest social awareness about the disadvantages of the interfamilial marriages. Keywords: Thalassemia, Consanguineous marriages, Hemoglobin, Birth Abnormalities, Infections.