Background: Fetal macrosomia, defined as a birth weight ≥4,000 g, may affect 12% of newborns of normal women and 15-45% of newborns of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The increased risk of macrosomia in GDM is mainly due to the increased insulin resistance of the mother. In GDM, a higher amount of blood glucose passes through the placenta into the fetal circulation. As a result, extra glucose in the fetus is stored as body fat causing macrosomia, which is also called ‘large for gestational age'. This paper reviews studies that explored the impact of GDM and fetal macrosomia as well as macrosomia-related complications on birth outcomes and offers an evaluation of maternal and fetal health. Summary: Fetal macrosomia is a common adverse infant outcome of GDM if unrecognized and untreated in time. For the infant, macrosomia increases the risk of shoulder dystocia, clavicle fractures and brachial plexus injury and increases the rate of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit. For the mother, the risks associated with macrosomia are cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and vaginal lacerations. Infants of women with GDM are at an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese at a young age (during adolescence) and are more likely to develop type II diabetes later in life. Besides, the findings of several studies that epigenetic alterations of different genes of the fetus of a GDM mother in utero could result in the transgenerational transmission of GDM and type II diabetes are of concern.

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Bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children is a challenging procedure. Wide variety of preparation protocols exist, varying with the hospital. Unlike in adults, there is a lack of uniform bowel preparation protocol in children. Ideally, the bowel preparation agents are assessed by their safety, efficacy and tolerability. Unfortunately, none of the preparations currently available meets all of these criteria. However, since last decade, Polyethylene Glycol-3350 (PEG-3350) is gaining popularity for bowel preparation with reported safety, efficacy, and tolerability. The only major drawback of PEG-3350 without electrolyte was 4 days long preparation time thus raising the question if the duration of preparation time could be minimized and yet have same efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the medicine. Hence, one day PEG-3350 regimen was introduced eventually and is now being studied with increased dosage or combined with other laxatives. This is the first review which compiles the study so far conducted on one day PEG-3350 without electrolyte as colonoscopy bowel preparation in children and tries to summaries if this regimen can be commonly used in children for colonoscopy bowel preparation.