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The nature and magnitude of gene action was analysed using six generations viz., P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 and BC 2 for yield and yield contributing characters in four inter varietal crosses of okra. The scaling and joint scaling tests indicated the presence of epistatic gene effect for all the characters in four crosses. Duplicate epistasis was predominant in most of the yield and yield attributing characters in all the four crosses except number of fruits per plant, which showed complimentary epistasis. Study of gene action revealed that both additive and non-additive components of genetic variations were found important for the inheritance of fruit yield and its attributes. However, fixable components of genetic variation i.e., Additive gene effects with additive x additive interactions for yield contributing traits i.e. fruit length and number of fruits per plant in all crosses except HB-25-2 x HB-32, for fruit diameter in all crosses except HB-40 x HB-27 and for fruit weight in crosses Hisar Naveen x Varsha Uphar and HB-25-2 x HB-32 were found significant. These traits in these crosses can be improved through pedigree method. The rest of the characters in respective cross combinations showed additive and non-additive type of gene effects. These traits would be possible to improve by either recurrent selection or biparental mating system in segregating generations followed by selection. Further, all the three types of gene actions viz., additive (d), dominance (h) and epistatic gene effects [additive x additive (i), additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l)] were involved in the inheritance of number of fruits per plant in the crosses HB-25-2 x HB-32 and HB-1157 x Pusa Sawani.

An experiment was conducted with sixty genotypes of fennel for phenotypic characterization of different vegetative characters such as plant height, branches per plant, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellate per plant, seeds per umbellate, seeds per umbel and seed yield. Variability observed for quantitative traits showed high range variation for plant height, umbels per plant, umbellate per plant, seeds per umbellate, seeds per umbel and seed yield. Characterization of germplasm based on morphological parameters signifies the extent of variability present in the population and also provides needful information for selection of desirable genotypes for varietal development and also genotypes which can be conserved for unique traits. The identification keys based on morphological characters are very useful for identification of genotypes and have a pivotal role to identify genotypes in the field without any use of costly chemicals and are fairly comparable with their results.