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A reverse-tilt-domain boundary wall in a polymer-encapsulated nematic liquid crystal was examined. A boundary wall in which the liquid crystal director was nearly planar midway through the wall was formed during UV polymerization; it remained stable even though the liquid crystal molecules in neighboring domains are nearly vertically aligned. The formation of the boundary wall was found to be suppressed by the oblique irradiation with linearly polarized UV light. #

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Objectives In this study, affective factors such as self-efficacy, perception, and career expectations for Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which were surveyed in the ‘International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) 2018’, were analyzed. In particular, we focused on the effects of student characteristics such as Computer and Information Literacy(CIL) level, gender, and computer/software learning experience. Furthermore, these data were used to identify the ICT-related characteristics of middle school students in South Korea by identifying the similarities and differences with other participating countries through international comparison. Methods A total of 2,875 students (1,497 male (52.1%) and 1,378 female (47.9%)) enrolled in the second year of 150 middle schools nationwide participated in the computer-based assessment. Computer and Information Literacy was measured through self-report data. The information of educational use of ICT and student characteristics (gender, age), and student attitudes and perceptions were collected and analyzed. Results The percentage of students who responded that they were able to perform well on ICT-based learning tasks was lower than the ICILS 2018 average. In particular, ‘database creation’ showed the lowest rate. Also, students' self-efficacy for general and specialized applications was lower than the ICILS 2018 average. The perceptions of the positive and negative effects of ICT on society were higher than other participating countries. In terms of expectations for ICT-related careers, male students showed higher expectations than female students, indicating a gender difference. Conclusions Implications for effective approaches for nurturing future digital talents that can maximize the effect of education by improving the quality of computer and information education and reducing the gap between learners were proposed.