Context Depressive symptoms predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease, but the mechanisms responsible for this association are unknown. Objective To determine why depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Design and Participants The Heart and Soul Study is a prospective cohort study of 1017 outpatients with stable coronary heart disease followed up for a mean (SD) of 4.8 (1.4) years. Setting Participants were recruited between September 11, 2000, and December 20, 2002, from 12 outpatient clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area and were followed up to January 12, 2008. Main Outcome Measures Baseline depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). We used proportional hazards models to evaluate the extent to which the association of depressive symptoms with subsequent cardiovascular events (heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or death) was explained by baseline disease severity and potential biological or behavioral mediators. Results A total of 341 cardiovascular events occurred during 4876 person-years of follow-up. The age-adjusted annual rate of cardiovascular events was 10.0% among the 199 participants with depressive symptoms (PHQ score ≥10) and 6.7% among the 818 participants without depressive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval, [CI], 1.16–1.95; P=.002). After adjustment for comorbid conditions and disease severity, depressive symptoms were associated with a 31% higher rate of cardiovascular events (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00–1.71; P=.04). Additional adjustment for potential biological mediators attenuated this association (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.94–1.63; P=.12). After further adjustment for potential behavioral mediators, including physical inactivity, there was no significant association (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.79–1.40; P=.75). Conclusion In this sample of outpatients with coronary heart disease, the association between depressive symptoms and adverse cardiovascular events was largely explained by behavioral factors, particularly physical inactivity.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEPurpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the birth prevalence of genetic disorders among different racial/ethnic groups through population-based newborn screening data. methods: Between 7 July 2005 and 6 July 2010 newborns in California were screened for selected metabolic, endocrine, hemoglobin, and cystic fibrosis disorders using a blood sample collected via heel stick. The race and ethnicity of each newborn was self-reported by the mother at the time of specimen collection.Results: Of 2,282,138 newborns screened, the overall disorder detection rate was 1 in 500 births. The disorder with the highest prevalence among all groups was primary congenital hypothyroidism (1 in 1,706 births). Birth prevalence for specific disorders varied widely among different racial/ethnic groups. conclusion:The California newborn screening data offer a unique opportunity to explore the birth prevalence of many genetic dis orders across a wide spectrum of racial/ethnicity classifications. The data demonstrate that racial/ethnic subgroups of the California newborn population have very different patterns of heritable disease expression. Determining the birth prevalence of these disorders in California is a first step to understanding the short-and long-term medical and treatment needs faced by affected communities, especially those groups that are impacted by more severe disorders. 2012:14(11):937-945 Genet Med

BackgroundThis study used focus groups to pilot and evaluate a new nutrition label format and refine the label design. Physical activity equivalent labels present calorie information in terms of the amount of physical activity that would be required to expend the calories in a specified food item.MethodsThree focus groups with a total of twenty participants discussed food choices and nutrition labeling. They provided information on comprehension, usability and acceptability of the label. A systematic coding process was used to apply descriptive codes to the data and to identify emerging themes and attitudes.ResultsParticipants in all three groups were able to comprehend the label format. Discussion about label format focused on issues including gender of the depicted figure, physical fitness of the figure, preference for walking or running labels, and preference for information in miles or minutes. Feedback from earlier focus groups was used to refine the labels in an iterative process.ConclusionsIn contrast to calorie labels, participants shown physical activity labels asked and answered, “How does this label apply to me?” This shift toward personalized understanding may indicate that physical activity labels offer an advantage over currently available nutrition labels.

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