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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence rates, reporting rates, and the best imaging plane and sequence for incidental findings in patients undergoing spinal and brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Methods: Three experienced radiologists retrospectively re-evaluated the MR images of 1056 consecutive patients. Results: The incidence rates for extraspinal incidental findings for the images of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine, and extra-neuronal incidental findings on MR images of the brain were 35.47%, 32.25%, 29.16%, and 54.35%; respectively, with reporting rates of incidental findings for these examinations of 31.47%, 8.33%, 29.50%, and 59.62%; respectively. For all examination types, the T2-weighted sequence and the axial plain were the best to reveal the incidental findings of MR examinations, other than that of the cervical spine. Conclusions: Incidental findings, which are commonly detected during routine spinal and brain MR evaluations, are occasionally omitted from formal radiological reports in daily practice. We strongly recommend checking the T2-weighted axial plane for MR imaging of the lumbar, thoracic spine and brain and taking a second look at the T2-weighted sagittal plane MR images of the cervical spine during radiological evaluations.

Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) is a disease that is treated frequently in orthopedics clinics. Its incidence is 1-2 per 1,000 live births. [1] Cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus deformities are observed in clubfoot patients; [2] each of these contributes to various bone, muscle, vascular, and neurological problems. [3] Vascular deficiencies have been suggested as one of the underlying etiologies of clubfoot. Various studies using arteriography, [3] continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography (DU), [4] color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU), [2,4-6] and magnetic resonance image angiography [3,7] were performed to show arterial patterns in clubfoot patients. Deficiency of the anterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis (dp) artery were demonstrated in 6.7-86% of patients. [4] Many researchers have reported that CDU is a reliable technique and can be used as a suitable alternative for arteriography. [1,8] Several CDU studies have been undertaken to investigate the arterial structures in clubfoot patients. In these studies, Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether resistive index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) are suitable parameters to determine if a clubfoot differs from feet of the normal population. Patients and methods: Fifty-four feet of 27 clubfoot patients (22 males, 5 females; mean age 30.4±16.3 months; range, 5 to 72 months) were included in this retrospective study conducted between December 2017 and January 2019. Twentyseven feet were conservatively treated, 19 had surgical treatment, and eight feet were healthy in patients with unilateral clubfoot. In addition, 22 feet of 11 normal controls (6 males, 5 females; mean age 33.4±15.3 months; range, 15 to 60 months) were studied. Color Doppler ultrasonography examinations were performed to evaluate the three major arteries of the leg and foot: dorsalis pedis (dp), tibialis posterior (tp), and popliteal (pop). Color filling, flow direction, spectral analysis, velocity, and RI were examined. Results: With the exception of the dp artery RI, the PSV and RI values for all arteries differed significantly from those of the control group. There were no significant differences among the conservative, surgical, and healthy groups, while there were significant differences between each of the treated groups and the control group. Tibialis posterior artery PSV and pop artery RI were the best parameters to identify clubfoot and the cutoff points were 54 cm/second and 0.77, respectively. Conclusion: Peak systolic velocity and RI may be accepted as important parameters for identification of clubfoot deformity. Tibialis posteriorartery PSV and pop artery RI are the bestdetailed parameters for this examination.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Liver biopsies such as tru-cut (sharp needle) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are the most commonly preferred techniques to detect the grade and stage of certain liver diseases. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficiency of USG-guided tru-cut biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology in an experimental alcoholic liver disease model. METHODS Thirty-six female Wistar albino rats, 4-6 months old, and weighing from 190 to 250 g, were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six equal groups: G1 (control), G2 (tru-cut control), G3 (FNAC control), G4 (Alcoholic liver disease model), G5 (Alcoholic liver disease model + FNAC), and G6 (Alcoholic liver disease model + tru-cut biopsy). After a histopathological evaluation by light microscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of FNAC and tru-cut biopsy for the diagnosis of liver lesions were calculated. RESULTS No pathology was detected in G1 except for mild congestion. On the other hand, hepatocyte damage, periportal inflammation, congestion, and fatty changes were detected in all liver tissues of the alcoholic liver disease groups. The sensitivity of hepatocyte damage, inflammation, congestion, and fatty change parameters for FNAC were 33.3%, 80%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, while the sensitivity of the same variables for tru-cut were 66.7%, 40%, 100%, and 20%, respectively. DISCUSSION Both techniques were superior in some aspects. FNAC can be an attractive alternative to tru-cutbiopsy and applied in routine practice in the diagnosis of non-tumoral liver diseases.