Introduction: Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), specifically docohexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), act as bioactive unsaturated lipids with pleiotropic effects, affording neuroprotection in ischemic brain injury. Hypothesis: We reported that n-3 FAs injected acutely as triglyceride (TG) emulsions provide neuroprotection after ischemic brain injury. We now questioned whether novel lipid emulsions made from n-3 diglycerides (DG) would improve the delivery and effectiveness of n-3 FAs in brain after injury. Methods: We evaluated in vitro interactions of DG (DG-DHA) vs TG (TG-DHA) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayer liposomes, as a model membrane system, by NMR spectroscopy. We compared the in vitro kinetics of DG vs TG hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of DG emulsions in a Vannucci murine model of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Results: NMR spectra of PC liposomes incubated with DG-DHA showed an additional peak, adjacent to the phospholipid carbonyl region, indicating a higher incorporation into PC bilayers and a narrower peak at almost the same position in a more fluid phase. In contrast, spectra of liposomes incubated with TG-DHA showed narrow peaks well-separated from PC resonances, representing phase-separated oil droplets. In lipolysis assays, DG emulsions had more efficient hydrolysis than TGs. Neonatal mice treated with DG-EPA, DG-DHA, or the combination of both (DG-DHA+EPA) after HI injury showed up to 3X better reduction in infarct volumes compared to TGs (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that DG molecules incorporate in membrane bilayers more efficiently than TG. We postulate that the faster hydrolysis of DGs contributes to higher neuroprotection compared with TGs. Our findings indicate that n-3 DG emulsions represent a novel and much more efficient modality than n-3 TG for improving ischemic brain injury outcomes.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevalence studies has been carried out in various parts of the world including Pakistan. Unluckily, the majority of these studies focused on the urban settings, neglecting the rural areas. current study has found very serious outcomes about CKD prevalence in remote areas. CKD was found gender specificity as well as geo-specificity in prevalence of CKD. PURPOSE: Aim of this study was to assess CKD prevalence in the least accessed and underdeveloped areas of Pakistan. METHODS: The area of study was Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital (BVH). Bahawalpur. The study was carried out between January 1, 2018- December 31, 2019. STATISTICS: All statistical parameters were calculated with the help of MS Office 360, GraphPad Prism 8, and SPSS 16. RESULTS: The most vulnerable locales were hinterland and underdeveloped regions. When we demarcate our studies putting focus on the gender, we found that male gender was more susceptible to the disease than the female one. Quinquagenarians were found to be among those most affected. Whereas octogenarians were among those with the least affected ratio. CONCLUSIONS: We reach the conclusion that since rural areas being the ones most affected, there is dire need to enhance the gambit of research to a higher level.