To study the effect of biofertilizers on physiological parameters and yield of three varieties of Oat (Avena sativa L.), field experiments were conducted during winter seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Al- Zubair district (20 km. West of Basrah province) in sandy loam soils. A split plot arrangement, using RCBD with three replicates, the main plots contained varieties: V1 (Genzania), V2 (Shaffaa), V3 (Carloup), Biofertilizer, treatments were at the sub plots: B0 (control), B1 (NPK mineral fertilizer as recommended), B2 (biofertilizers NPK), B3 (mineral fertilizer PK+ biofertilizers N), B4 (mineral fertilizer K+ biofertilizers NP), B5 (mineral fertilizer P + biofertilizers NK), B6 (mineral fertilizer N + biofertilizers PK). Data were collected on Flag leaf area FLA, Leaf area duration LAD, Leaf area index LAI, Crop growth rate CGR, Relative growth rate RGR, Net assimilation rate NAR, Plant high Tillers number m2 and grain yield t ha-1. The results showed that the adding of biofertilizers NPK (B2) led to a significant increase in the studied traits (FLA, LAD, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, and grain yield). The grain yield were increased about 189.96 and 197.3% as compared with control in each seasons respectively. Cultivar Genzania resulted in highest grain yield among studied varieties in the first season (5.774 t ha-1), while cultivar Shaffa gave the highest grain yield in the second season (8.691 t ha-1). The interaction between Ganzania and B2 treatment recorded the highest seed yield (8.429 tan ha-1) in the first season. While, in the second season all varieties that interacted with B2 treatment produced the highest seed yield.
The study was conducted during the winter season 2019/2020 at Al-Qurna (Al-Sharesh) which is about 65 kilometers north of the Basra governorate center to study the effect four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 60, 120, 180 mg L -1 ), and four concentrations of tryptophan acid (0, 60, 120, 180 mg L -1 ), the yield and quality of bread wheat (Buhooth-22 variety). Experiment conducted as a factorial (4 × 4) according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that concentration of120 mg L -1 salicylic achieved the highest number of spikes (603 spikes m -2 ), number of grains spike (44.82 grain spike -1 ), weight of 1000 grain (37.10 g), grain yield (6.12 µg ha -1 ), chlorophyll content in the Flag leaf (475.00 mg m -2 ), grain protein (14.31%), dry gluten (33.03%) and wet gluten (12.99%). Also concentration of 120 mg L -1 tryptophan achieved the highest number of spikes (622 spikes m -2 ), number of grains spike (43.70 grain spike -1 ), grain yield (5.93 µg ha -1 ), chlorophyll content in the Flag leaf (485.30 mg m -2 ) protein in grains (14.78%), dry gluten (34.05%) and wet gluten (13.37%). The interaction was significant; plants that sprayed with S 2 T 2 were superior in all study characteristics. We conclude that it is possible to spray salicylic acid and tryptophan at a concentration of 120 mg L -1 to the wheat crop to improve the yield and quality of wheat grains at the lowest costs and reduce the environmental pollution resulting from the use of a large amount of chemical fertilizers.
A field experiment was carried out at Al-Hartiha Research Station of the college of agriculture, university of Basrah, during the winter season 2021-2022 to studying the effect of three levels of mineral fertilization NPK(0, Mineral fertilizer as recommended, 50% of recommended mineral fertilizer), and concentration extracts of licorice and m oringa leaf (0, spraying 50% of licorice extract, spraying 100% of licorice extract, spraying 50% of moringa leaves extract, spraying 100% of moringa leaves extract), on some growth characteristics of wheat. The experiment was applied according to the factorial method, using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results showed that the fertilizer recommendation 100% achieved the highest values of chlorophyll content of the flag leaf, the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, flag leaf area, and the number of days to maturity (172.70 mg m-2, 102.33 day, 91.87cm, 26.67cm2 and 42.45 day), spraying with100% Licorice extract gave the highest content of chlorophyll, plant height, flag leaf area, and the number of days to 50% flowering and maturity (178.57 mg m-2, 90.22 cm, 26.33 cm and 42.78 day respectively). The interaction was significant in all characteristics, as the fertilizer recommendation spraying with 100% licorice extract achieved the highest chlorophyll content and flag leaf area, and it did not differ from the combination of 50% of the fertilizer recommendation and the concentration of 100% licorice extract in the chlorophyll content the area of the flag leaf and the number of days of to maturity.
The research was carried out in Agriculture College farm / Basra University – Karmat Ali location, the winter season 2020- 2021, to study the response of Safflower variety Gilla to spray with four concentrations of humic acid (0,6,12,18g L-1) under four levels of Phosphorus fertilizer(0,60,120 kg P h-1). The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement with three replications using a randomized complete block design. The results showed that 120 kg P h-1 gave of the highest days until 50% flowering, plant height, the total number of main branches and leaves and a diameter of the stem (106.75 days ago, 183.01cm,12.44 branches plant-1, 588.71 leaves plant-1,1.466cm respectively). The maximum number of days to 50% flowering plant height, the number of main branches were superior with a humic acid concentration of 12 g L-1., (109.56 day,180.34cm and 12.70 branches plant-1respectively), while concentration 18 g L-1 gave the highest number of leaves. The interaction of 120 kg P h-1 with 12 g L 1- of humic acid gave the highest number of days from planting to 50% flowering, plant height, the number of main branches.
"This study was conducted in the experimental field of Agriculture Faculty, Wasit University (Wasit Governorate Center) in the autumn season 2018, to study the effect of four planting dates (June 25, July 10, July 25 and August 10) and four spacing between hills (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) on growth and forage yield of Sudan grass Hybrid. The experiment was carried out by using split-plots with R.C.B.D design with three replicates, the planting dates were put in the main plots, and distances between hills were placed in the sub plots. Two cuts were taken from all treatments ,the following traits were studied ,Plant height,, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, plant leaf area, leaves/stems ratio, and green forage yield. Planting date on 25 July at 1st cutting gave the highest studied characteristics and green yield were 89.452 t. ha-1, Planting date on 25 June at the 2nd cutting gave the highest studied characteristics and gave green forage yield about 86.090 t.ha-1. Planting at 20cm showed a significant effect among the other distances in most growth characteristics at the 1st and 2nd cutting and gave the highest green forage yield were 85.255 and 58.900 t. ha-1. The distance of 20 cm at the date of June 25 gave the highest green yield, which were 93.200 t. ha-1. The interaction between studied factors showed a significant effect on the green forage yield at 1st cutting, the distance of 20 cm at the date of June 25 gave the highest green yield, which were 93.200 t. ha-1, with an increase of 37.67% over than June 25 date, at a distance of 10 cm, the lowest yield of green fodder was recorded at 67.707 t. ha-1 *Part of M.Sc. thesis of the first author"
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