No abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are rapidly emerging because of their potential applications available in military and civilian environments. Due to unattended and hostile deployment environments, shared wireless links, and inherent resource constraints, providing high level security services is challenging in WSNs. In this paper, we revisit various security attack models and analyze them by using a well-known standard notation, Unified Modeling Language (UML). We provide a set of UML collaboration diagram and sequence diagrams of attack models witnessed in different network layers: physical, data/link, network, and transport. The proposed UML-based analysis not only can facilitate understanding of attack strategies, but can also provide a deep insight into designing/developing countermeasures in WSNs.

As the Internet-related products are launched in a variety of ways, if the products are not produced according to the world standardization model of the Internet, communication with the standardized products will not be smoothly performed. This study was carried out in order to improve the competitiveness of export by launching the global standardization promotion strategy of the Internet of things, to grasp the internet standardization trends of each country and to release the following products.This research work presents a strategic driving model that can enhance interoperability among heterogenous IoT devices. Therefore, this research proposed case by case strategic standard approach based on level of technologies.•

Purpose -This research can contribute to design and develop wireless sensor network (WSN) routing algorithm based on the comparison data. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach -This research is a tree-based routing algorithm in order to reduce routing cost on WSNs. Findings -The approach is more efficient than other cluster-based approach. Originality/value -Originality is high because there is no other paper about cost effect and energy saving both considering at the same time.

Background/Objectives: As urbanization increases worldwide, so do the need for smart cities that enable more efficient city management. Based on smart city operational data, it explains the digital twin technologies required to predict outcomes and control according to circumstances through virtual simulations and presents related metaverse technologies. Methods/Statistical analysis: Introduction and explanation of smart city services using blockchain. The data infrastructure underlies each area, such as city operations, essential in a smart city. Findings: Therefore, blockchain is used to avoid hacking, data errors, and system failures of the existing centralized management and ensure data integrity and system stability by building a more secure server. In addition, blockchain enables the establishment of governance and free access to information through individual information sovereignty. Improvements/Applications: Most smart city models do not have a high level of authentication. Therefore, this study investigated a new smart city model that provides security and convenience to citizens by mutually complementing the virtual and real worlds by predicting urban situations through digital twins that can simulate impossible conditions in reality based on blockchain-based authentication.