Z mutant-associated alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in human beings leads to hepatitis and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. To begin to delineate the molecular basis for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, we previously developed transgenic mice using human alpha 1-antitrypsin M and Z genomic clones. High-copy Z lineage mice (12 gene copies/haploid mouse genome; "Z#2") had hepatocytes distended with human alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency globules. Hepatitis was present, and the morphological changes mimicked those observed in human alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-related liver disease. The numbers of hepatocytes containing alpha 1-antitrypsin globules decreased with age, and alpha 1-antitrypsin-negative nodular aggregates of hepatocytes increased in number and size. Hepatocytic dysplasia occurred as early as 6 wk and was almost universally present at 1 yr. Nodules of dysplastic cells demonstrating aneuploidy were seen as early as 10 wks. These became persistent, proliferative lesions. Dysplasia and aneuploidy distinctly increased with time and advancing microscopic stage as lesions progressed to malignancy. Tumors were seen after 1 yr as adenomas, which are aneuploid and most likely well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and borderline malignant lesions; and, in 82% of Z#2 mice 16 to 20 mo old, as invasive hepatocellular carcinoma. These observations suggest but do not conclusively prove that hepatocellular carcinoma in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other hepatic disorders arises as a result of a common, endogenously stimulated pathway for hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

This study used the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and focused on whether holding different types of loans influenced debt delinquency among Millennial and non‐Millennial households. When the total sample was analyzed, there was a difference in debt delinquency between the two groups, and holding different types of loans was associated with debt delinquency. In subsample models, the logistic results showed that while auto loans’ effect on debt delinquency was negative, student loans and other installment loans’ effects on debt delinquency were positive for both groups. In addition, Millennials who held housing loans were less likely to be delinquent on debt payments overall. These findings have implications for debt management education and attention from policymakers in assisting households with a debt burden.

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