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Introduction:The best modality of management of distal tibial fractures (extra articular) remains controversial and challenging. Various studies have shown varying results with different modalities of treatment, however our study is to compare functional and radiological outcomes between patients treated with tip locking nail and compression plate using MIPP0 Technique. The mechanism of injury and the prognosis of these fractures are different from pilon fractures, but their proximity to the ankle makes the surgical treatment more complicated than the tibial midshaft fractures. Material and methods: A total of 120 patients between the age of 25-50 years were treated randomly with nailing (Group A) and percutaneous plating (Group B) between the year May 2014-March 2017. At one year follow up, outcome was analysed based on union rate, operating time, complications (Infections, Nonunion, delayed union, malunion) and functional score by AOFAS (American orthopedic foot and ankle score). 53 patients included in group A and 55 patients in group B. 12 patients did not follow up. Result: Out of 108 patients randomly, average operating time in nailing is 44.21 mins and plating is 40.14 mins. 1 patient in group B developed superficial infection which healed well on long term follow up. In 30 patients, fibula fracture was first fixed using 3.5mm one third tubular plate and cortical screws due to ankle joint/syndesmotic instability. Mean radiological union time in nailing group was 20.1 weeks. (18-22 weeks) and plating group was 17.5 weeks (16-18 weeks). 4 cases in nailing developed malunion with angulation less than 5 degree which was acceptable and 2 cases developed varus deformity with angulation more than 5 degree. No cases of implant failure was noted. No evidence of nonunion was noted in both groups. Functional outcomes based on AOFAS score was IM nailing 90.8 and 96.2 for plating which was statistically significant between the 2 groups. In addition to pain which was included in AOFAS score 10 patients treated with IM nailing had anterior knee pain. Conclusion: Based on the above study, we concluded that treating distal tibia fractures (extraarticular) with locking compression plate using MIPPO technique is superior than tip locking nail as there is better anatomical reduction/alignment leading to quicker radiological union and better functional outcome according to AOFAS.

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The hip joint is a multi axial, ball and socket type of joint composed of head of the femur articulating with cup shaped fossa of acetabulum. An attempt has made in this study to evaluate the role of valgus osteotomy in the treatment of femur neck fractures. This was two year prospective study, consisting of 30 consecutive cases of femoral neck fractures treated by valgus osteotomy. Out of 240 intracapsular femoral neck fractures 30 cases were treated by valgus osteotomy in the orthopedic department. 19 (73%) cases showed excellent results, 03 (12%) cases showed good results and remaining 04 cases showed poor results. In summary, the concept of the Pauwels valgus osteotomy sees to be a valuable method of treating Pauwels type II and type III fractures and non unions of femoral neck in which the head is viable and the neck is fairly well preserved, in patients under 60 years of age.

Road connectivity is a vital for the sustained and inclusive growth of the country. It facilitates the movement of passengers and freight across the country. India's transportation sector has a share of 4.8 per cent in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2011-12. Although National Highways constituted about 1.80 per cent of the total network as on March 2016, they carried 40 per cent of the total road tariff. The total road length of the country increased significantly from 3.99 lakh kms in 1951 to 56.03 lakh kms in 2016. During the years 1951-2016 growth of Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was 4.1 per cent. During the same period surfaced road treatment increased from 39.26 per cent to 62.5 per cent. India's road density of 170 km was higher than that of Japan (0.91 km), the USA (0.68 km), China (0.47 km) and Brazil (0.18 km). Further, the researchers in this paper examined the history of development of road transport India and analyzed Five Year Plans and brief overview of road network 1951 to 2016. Furthermore, researchers find out the growth of road transport between the periods of preliberalization and post-liberalization. And analyses CAGR of Road Network. The present study has been conducted based on the secondary data.