Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is a method to generate the switching gate pulse of the converter. Overmodulation is a method where the modulation index exceeds the unity value and the system goes into the nonlinear region. To maintain the system in a linear region when operating in the overmodulation region, some techniques are developed. These techniques helped to operate the system in the linear range. Medium and high-power energy conversion systems mostly use a modular multilevel cascaded converter (MMCC), which has been an issue improving significantly in recent years. In this article, MMCC-based overmodulation techniques are compared with conventional PWM and analyzed on DC bus utilization (DBU), and total harmonic distortion (THD). MATLAB/Simulink digital platform used demonstrate overmodulation technique.

Electric vehicles contribute a major role in building an eco-friendly environment. Li-ion batteries are most widely used in electric vehicles. It is very important to maintain the operation of Li-ion batteries within their “safety operation area (SOA)”. Hence implementing a battery management system (BMS) becomes a necessity while using Li-ion batteries. This paper proposes an intelligent BMS for electric vehicles using proportional integral derivative (PID) control action along with artificial neural network (ANN). It prefers the improved pulse charging technique. The design consists of a battery pack containing four 12 V Li-ion batteries, MOSFETs, Arduino Uno, a transformer, a temperature sensor, a liquid-crystal displays (LCD), a cooling fan, and four relay circuit are used. Arduino Uno is used as a master controller for controlling the whole operation. Using this design approximately 38 minutes are required to fully charge the battery. Implementation results validate the system performance and efficiency of the design.

The effectiveness of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive managed by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) microcontroller using field oriented control (FOC) with space vector modulation (SVM) and a diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) is investigated. Due to its efficacy, FOC would be widely implemented for PMSM speed regulation. The primary drawbacks of a 3-phase classic bridge inverter appear to be reduced dv/dt stresses, lesser electromagnetic interference, and a relatively small rating, especially when compared to inverters. PMSMs have a better chance of being adopted in the automotive industry because of their compact size, high efficiency, and durability. The SVM idea states that an inverter's three driving signals are created simultaneously. Using MATLAB simulations, researchers looked into incorporating a DCMLI with a resistive load on an AVR microcontroller. Torque, current, and harmonic analysis were evaluated between the SVM and the inverter-driven PMSM drive in this research. In comparison to the prior art, the proposed PMSM drive has better speed and torque management, less output distortion, and less harmonic distortion.

EV, the major problem that occurs is the burning of EV. After burning of the EV there are no data available for analysis, for that purpose we have proposed a system to address this issue. Inside that, we use different sensors to collect data such as temperature, voltage, current, humidity of motor and battery. Also, from the safety point of a view we have used GSM Module, GPS module, Flex sensor and LDR sensor. Which will help to find the exact location of an accident and provide emergency service

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) modules have popped up as among the best choices for medium and high-powered uses. This paper proposes a control scheme for the entire frequency range of operation for the MMC, focusing on supplying a three-phase machine. The machine is required to be controlled in the outer as well as the inner loop. Standard field oriented control (FOC) manages the three-phase machine in the outer closed loop while the inner control has to come up against the problem of energy balancing. That is unevenly distributed and stored in the capacitance of the upper and lower arms of the converter. There are two operating methods used in the inner control loop: a low-frequency method is used for start-up and low-speed operation, and a high-frequency method is for higher speed. In low-frequency mode (LF-mode), a special control strategy has to be implemented to minimize the energy oscillation in the capacitances of the converter arms. It makes utilization of the 3-phase machine's common mode voltage (Vc) as well as internal circulatory currents to verify a symmetrical energy distribution inside this MMC arms and also to avert whatever AC currents inside the DC source.