In unruptured cerebral aneurysm patients, clipping is associated with a higher risk of seizures or epilepsy.

In 1961, David C. Poskanzer and Robert S. Schwab presented a paper, “Studies in the epidemiology of Parkinson's disease predicting its disappearance as a major clinical entity by 1980.” This paper introduced the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease was derived from a single aetiology, the influenza virus. We review the original Poskanzer and Schwab hypothesis that Parkinson's disease was based on the association between the 1918-19 influenza epidemic and the later observation of Parkinsonism in some influenza sufferers. We also further explore the prediction that Parkinson's disease would totally disappear as an entity once original influenza victims were all deceased. Current research has revealed that there are many potential causes and factors important in the occurrence of Parkinson's disease, postencephalitic Parkinsonism, and encephalitis lethargica. Poskanzer and Schwab presented a novel hypothesis; however, it was proven false by a combination of research and time.

Background:Copper is a mineral that is absorbed in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. Gastric bypass surgery, gastrectomy, and short-bowel syndrome commonly lead to copper malabsorption. Copper deficiency primarily presents with hematological and neurological sequelae, including macrocytic anemia and myelopathy. Although hematological disturbances often correct with copper supplementation, neurological manifestations of copper deficiency may be irreversible. We present the case of copper deficiency secondary to malabsorption and management strategies to prevent irreversible neurological sequelae. Presentation: A 48-year-old female with a history of hypothyroidism, ischemic stroke, and Crohn's disease, complicated by subtotal colectomy and small-bowel resections, was admitted for fatigue and progressive neurological deficiencies. Her vital signs were stable, and physical examination was remarkable for weakness of both upper and lower extremities, ataxia, and upper extremities paresthesia. Computed tomography scan of the head without contrast was unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging enterography revealed a focal area of narrowing of the remaining small bowel. Copper level was low at 39 μg/dL. After 5 days of intravenous replacement using trace element within parenteral nutrition, her copper level corrected to 81 μg/dL. Her ataxia improved after intravenous copper supplementation and did not recur. Conclusions: Our patient presented with copper deficiency secondary to malabsoprtion. This case highlights the importance of copper testing in the bariatric surgery population and in patients with short-bowel syndrome. Given the irreversible nature of neurological symptoms when compared with the expense of nutrition supplements, routine copper testing should be considered in patients with malabsorptive states or altered anatomy, regardless of initial presentation.

Although the significance of VIP positivity in pituitary tumour-associated headache is unknown it seems unrelated to headache. It remains possible that the mechanism of these headaches relates to the production of either an as yet unidentified peptide, or a combination of nociceptive peptides.