Introduction: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause incorporates vulvovaginal and lower urinary tract symptoms related to estrogen deficiency which affects more than half of postmenopausal women. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of genitourinary syndrome of menopause among postmenopausal women attending a tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of tertiary care hospital from October 2019 to April 2021 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 452 6-11). A convenience sampling method was used among postmenopausal women aged 40-75 years attending gynaecology outpatient departments. The information was obtained by interview and examination. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among the 385 postmenopausal women, 285 (74.02%) (69.63-78.40 at 95% Confidence Interval) had a diagnosis of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. The mean age of menopause was 48.2±3.6years. The most common symptom and sign were vaginal dryness in 223 (78.2%) and decreased moisture 200 (70.2%). Regarding the impact of genitourinary syndrome of menopause on quality of life, it least affected the activities of daily living and mostly on sexual functioning. Conclusions: The study showed three-fourth of postmenopausal women suffered from genitourinary syndrome of menopause which is similar to the previous studies done in other countries, in postmenopausal women. Therefore, understanding genitourinary syndrome of menopause is vital, and assuring women those treatments are available to relieve symptoms may improve their quality of life.

Backgroun: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is a contributor of perinatal outcome and is an important indicator of the quality of antenatal care. Despite efforts, risk factors cannot be identified in cases of intrauterine fetal deaths. This study aims to identify the maternal, fetal, placental and cord related factors related to it. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted analyzing patients admitted with IUFDs after 28 weeks of pregnancy at Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital from April 2019 to March 2020.  It was conducted after taking ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Institute of Medicine. Data were collected from review of charts of individual patients in MS Excel and was analyzed using SPSS. Results: There were 5496 births and 46 intrauterine fetal deaths during the study period giving stillbirth rate of 8 per 1000 births. It was common in the age group of 26-30 years (34.8%), 62.2% were from inside Kathmandu valley,43.5% were just literate, 13% were illiterate, 84.8% were housewives, 56.5% were primigravida and 69.57% of the babies were preterm. Only four percent had previous history of intra uterine fetal deaths. Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy were found in 30.5% followed by heart disease in 10.9% of the mothers. There were no known co-morbidities in 26.1% of the patients. Out of total 46 cases, 62% were female. Two had Rh isoimmunization and four had congenital malformations. Placenta previa was seen in four percent and abruptio placenta in two percent. Twin pregnancy with diamniotic dichorionic placenta was present in four percent. Seventeen percent of the babies had cord around the neck and two percent had thrombosis of the umbilical cord. Conclusion: Low level of maternal education and maternal comorbidities like hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy were found to be most common factors seen in cases of intrauterine fetal deaths.

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Ovarian vein thrombosis is one of the rare causes for acute abdomen. Occult presentation of this disease may lead to diagnostic dilemma. A sixteen years female who was operated as a case of ectopic pregnancy was finally diagnosed as having ovarian vein thrombosis. She was successfully treated with anticoagulant.