Introduction: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common clinical entity that occurs secondary to mechanical or functional obstruction of the small gut, preventing normal passage of its contents. It constitutes 20% of all surgical emergencies for acute abdominal pain and a common cause for hospitalization. Plain abdominal X-ray and ultrasonography were used for initial examination. Now, Computed tomography is the modality of choice for preoperative evaluation of SBO. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various imaging modalities namely plain x-rays of abdomen, ultrasound and computed tomography in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction with reference to a) The presence or absence of obstruction b) The level of obstruction c) The cause of obstruction. Materials and Methods: It was a hospital based prospective study in which X-Ray and ultrasonography were done as an initial modality for screening and Multi Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scan was done later on for detailed evaluation. Relevant history, clinical examination and routine investigations were done. Results: Acute intestinal obstruction: CT scan was found to be superior in predicting a fully correct diagnosis (78%) when compared to ultrasound (29%) which in turn was found to be superior to plain films which provided fully correct diagnosis only in 10% of the cases. Subacute intestinal obstruction-In 62.5% cases of sub acute intestinal obstruction CT scan provide fully correct diagnosis whereas in none of the cases did ultrasound or plain films provide fully correct diagnosis. Conclusion: CT was found to be superior to ultrasound and plain films in finding out the presence, level as well as cause of obstruction.

Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the diencephalon were quantified between 9.30 and 10.30 hours, at the age of 14, 18,20,22 and 26 weeks in sham-operated and ovariectomized hens. Average DA concentration in the diencephalon did not vary significantly between the sham-operated and ovariectomized hens among the various age groups studied. The values of NE in the diencephalon of sham-operated hens were significantly higher than in ovariectomized hens at their comparable age. A significant increase was noted at 20 weeks over that at 18 weeks in the sham-operated hens and this increase was not recorded at these age groups in the ovariectomized hens. No significant difference was recorded at 20, 22 or 26 weeks of age in the sham-operated hens. A significant elevation of NE concentration in the diencephalon around 20 weeks of age, when the ovarian follicles start to undergo a rapid stage of development, and a lack of this upsurge in ovariectomized hens indicated its physiological involvement at some stage in the process of gonadal maturity. The present study did not point towards the involvement of DA, since neither did its level vary between sham-operated and ovariectomized hens nor was an increase recorded around the rapid start of ovarian development. A highly significant positive correlation of NE in the diencephalon with ovarian (0.595) and oviduct (0.701) weights and absence of any significant correlation of DA again suggest the involvement of NE but not that of DA in the process of gonadal maturity.

Introduction: This article demonstrate the imaging characteristics of cystic and solid renal masses, along with a summary of identified imaging criteria that may be of use to differentiate masses that are more likely to be benign from those that are more likely to be malignant. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the patients with renal cancer by ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) and to compare the findings of USG and CT. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 60 patients presented with renal masses, initially evaluated with ultrasonography (USG) and later on characterization of the mass was done by using computed tomography (CT). Results: CT has higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on correlation with USG. Conclusion: CT is capable of detecting tumor invasion of perinephric fat and adjacent muscles, which cannot usually seen by ultrasound. While both CT and ultrasound demonstrate venous and retroperitoneal tumor extension, CT is more reliable.