Objective: To examine whether short stature through childhood represents a disadvantage at around 12 years. Design: Longitudinal non-intervention study of the physical and psychological development of children recruited from the community in 1986-7 after entry into primary school at age 5-6 years; this is the second psychometric assessment made in 1994-5 after entry into secondary school at age 11-13 years. Setting: Southampton and Winchester health districts. Subjects: 106 short normal children ( < 3rd centile for height when recruited) and 119 controls of average stature (10th-90th centile). Main outcome measures: Psychometric measures of cognitive development, self concept development, behaviour, and locus of control. Results: The short children did not differ significantly from the control children on measures of self esteem (19.4 v 20.2), self perception (104.2 v 102.4), parents' perception (46.9 v 47.0), or behaviour (6.8 v 5.3). The short children achieved significantly lower scores on measures of intelligence quotient (IQ) (102.6 v 108.6; P < 0.005), reading attainment (44.3 v 47.9; P < 0.002), and basic number skills (40.2 v 43.5; P < 0.003) and displayed less internalisation of control (16.6 v 14.3; P < 0.001) and less satisfaction with their height (P < 0.0001). More short than control children, however, came from working class homes (P < 0.05). Social class was a better predictor than height of all measures except that of body satisfaction. Attainment scores were predicted by class and IQ together rather than by height. Height accounted for some of the variance in IQ and locus of control scores. Conclusions: These results provide only limited support for the hypothesis that short children are disadvantaged, at least up until 11-13 years old. Social class seems to have more influence than height on children's psychological development.

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Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Cyriax physiotherapy versus Cyriaxand Low Level Laser Therapy to compare these techniques in reducing pain and improving gripstrength in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Methodology: The study population included 30patients of lateral epicondylitis (signs and symptoms present for more than 6 weeks) diagnosedin outpatient and indoor facilities of MM Hospital, Mullana. The subjects were selected bymeans of simple random sampling. After fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thepatients were randomly allocated in two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A received cyriaxphysiotherapy alone whereas Group B patients were subjected to combined Cyriax and low levelLaser therapy. Baseline measurements of pain and grip strength were taken before treatmentand then at 3 weeks respectively. Results: Our findings showed that there was significantlyhigher improvement in pain and grip strength in Group B (patients receiving combination ofcyriax therapy with low dose laser therapy) as compared to Group A (p<0.05). Conclusion:Cyriax physiotherapy and low level laser therapy were effective in reducing pain and improvinggrip strength after the treatment sessions. But benefits of cyriax physiotherapy with low levellaser therapy in lateral epicondylitis patients are significantly higher as compared to cyriaxphysiotherapy alone over a three week period. Hence, cyriax with low level laser therapy isproved to be a better treatment. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.356-360

Aim:The goal of the study is to find the effectiveness of Wrist Manipulation and Low-Level Laser Therapy, Flexibility and Endurance training to reduce pain and improve grip strength in patients with lateral epicondylitis of elbow.Method: A total of 30 subjects with Lateral Epicondylitis (LE),both male and female, between 25 to 50 years were selected and randomly further separated among 2 groups. The 2 separate groups comprised of 15 subjects each (male=7; female=8). Group A received Low-Level Laser Therapy(LLTT), Flexibility and Endurance training and Group B received Low-Level Laser Therapy along with wrist manipulation, flexibility and endurance training for 3 days per week. For both groups, total period of treatment was 4 weeks. Numeric Pain Rating Scale(NPRS) and Grip Strength (GS) were used as pre and post outcome measures.Results: Result of the study suggests improvement in mean value of NPRS and Grip Strength for groups A and B following treatment. The treatment was statically more significant in group B than group A. Conclusion:The study concludes that patients affected with Lateral Epicondylitisreceiving wrist manipulation along with Low-Level Laser Therapy, Flexibility and Endurance training demonstrates significant improvement.